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Tinto Maps #23 - 18th of October 2024 - China

Hello, and welcome to another week of Tinto’s fun Maps. This week it will be a huge one, as we will take a look at the entirety of China. It is a really big area, but it didn’t make sense to split it into multiple parts to present it separately, so we are showing it all at once. So, without further ado, let’s get started.

Countries
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Obviously the territory is dominated by Yuán, with Dali as its vassal. They appear big, strong, and scary, but they will have their own fair share of problems for sure. I will not go into detail into the countries that can be seen further south, as we will talk about Southeast Asia in a future Tinto Maps.

Societies of Pops
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Quite a variety of peoples in Southwest China, as you will see later in the culture maps.

Dynasties
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Here we finally have managed to catch the full name of the Borjigin dynasty in all its glory.

Locations
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Before you ask, there are around 1800 locations in China proper, not counting impassables and barring possible counting errors.

Provinces
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Areas
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Terrain
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You will notice here that there are few locations assigned as "farmlands", that's because when we did this part of the map there was yet not a clear criteria on how we would be defining the farmlands and their placement here hasn't been reviewed yet.

Development
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As mentioned before, the harsh changes of development at the end of China proper is probably too strong right now and it’s something that will have to be reviewed, especially at the Liáodōng area.

Natural Harbors
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Cultures
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There is a lot of cultural variation in China, not only among the sinitic peoples (which have been divided according to their linguistical and dialectal differences) but also having many other types of non-sinitic peoples. The resulting pie chart for the cultures of the country is a wonder to see indeed. And even if Yuán itself is Mongolian, there are actually very few Mongolian people in the country, as only the ruling class would belong to it. That is one other source of further trouble for Yuán.

Religions
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Considering religion, there is also a lot of variation in the South West, and one thing you will notice is the clear lack of “Animism”. We have finally eliminated Animism as a religion from the game and have divided it into many multiple ones. Besides this, and some Muslim presence in some areas, there are other small pockets of religions that do not get to appear in the map, like Manichaeism, Nestorianism, Judaism and Zoroastrianism. And the elephant in the room is the Mahayana, that we have already mentioned that we have plans on dividing it, but more on it at the end.

Raw Materials
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A very resource rich region, which makes it understandable that China was able to basically be self-sufficient in terms of resources for long periods in history, and with many sources of highly appreciated resources like silk, tea, and even soybeans. Another interesting thing is the division on the preference of grain cultivation, with rice being more prominent in the south while the north tends to favor wheat and sturdy grains (millet, basically).

Markets
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Population
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Yes, there’s a lot of population in China, and with that many people and that many resources it obviously has a lot of potential. We have been following population census of 1351 and 1393, which allows us to have the most accurate values we can have.

Now, before closing off, let me turn back once again to the subject of religion, as it has already been pointed out that having a single Mahayana religion covering both China and Tibet (and parts of India) may not be the best both for accuracy and gameplay reasons, and we basically agree with it so we are planning on reworking a bit but it hasn’t been done in time for this Tinto Maps. However, as we are aware that you are not able to provide proper feedback unless we present you something, let me now share with you what are our plans with it. Please keep in mind that I will NOT go into details about their mechanics, and only talk about their distribution.

First of all, Tibetan Buddhism will be split and turned into its own religion. Although it “technically” is part of the Mahayana branch, it is true that its practices have distinguished it from Chinese Buddhism enough to represent it as its own religion, starting from the fact that they do not follow the same canon. The Mahayana that was present in India was already an outlier from start, so it will be made into its own religion.

That leaves out that the current “Mahayana” remaining in game will be Chinese Buddhism, that is, those following the Chinese Buddhist canon, and it will be present in China, Korea, and Vietnam. The question remains on what to call the religion, and several things have to be considered for that:

  1. The religion will already include blended into it Confucianism and Daoism besides Buddhism, so all three religions are included. That means it can’t be named either Confucianism or Daoism, as they have been bundled in. Buddhism was taken as the base name because, from the three, it was considered as the one mostly oriented towards the “religious” (Confucianism being more focused on administration and Daoism on rituals), and the most similar to what an organized religion would be outside of China.
    1. As a subpoint on that, and I can’t go into details for it yet, but there will also be options inside it to favor Buddhism over Confucianism or the opposite, so that is already covered too.
  2. As mentioned, it will be present not only in China but also in Korea and Vietnam (and any other country that may convert too, like for example Japan), so naming it something that’s too intrinsic to Chinese identity would not be ideal. That would mean that a term like Sānjiào, although good, would feel a bit out of place when playing for example as Korea (we know that the concept spread there too, but it was more prominent inside China and regardless having the name be directly in Chinese would be the main issue when playing outside China)

So, for now, the current name we are considering for the religion is directly “Chinese Buddhism”, or even leaving it as “Mahayana”, understanding that the main current of Mahayana is the version following the Chinese canon anyway. But feel free to suggest any alternative naming if you feel that there may be a better option we haven’t thought of, as long as it takes into consideration the previous points. And of course, let us know your feedback on the proposed representation and distribution too.

And that’s it for today, after a bit longer closing than usual. Next week we’ll be back a bit further east, taking a look at Korea and Japan. Hope to see you there!
 
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@Roger Corominas I don't know if it is up to you to decide this, but since this is the dev diary for China I'll put this here
View attachment 1204331
View attachment 1204332
I think this silver banner with 3 red moons here is more suited to be used as the Yuan flag than the "classic" Mongolian one, even though there is no evidence that either the Emperor or its governament ever used it(infact it is theorized by many that this flag was used by a muslim khanate of the region) but it is used in the Catalan atlas to indicate all major Chinese cities including Beijing plus considering that this is the closest thing to a western style flag for China of this era we have and that all the other Mongol successor states use flags from the Catalan atlas as well it would make sense to use this one as a flag for Yuan.

P.s. Another important fact about this flag is that this is where the "classic" Timurid flag comes from, as it is a wrong interpretation of an aged up version of this flag from the Catalan atlas
View attachment 1204346
Catalonia is too far away from China to use the flag of this distant country with no other supporting evidence. I would prefer a Chinese character flag because the Yuan dynasty was essentially Kublai acting as the Mongol Khan as well as the Chinese Emperor (the real Mongol Khan, Ali Bhagawan, was defeated by the Chinese he led, and so for a long time the other Mongol Khanates did not recognize the Yuan dynasty's status as the Great Khan). The Yuan dynasty used Confucian bureaucracy to run China instead of promoting Everlasting Heaven, and they even pioneered the use of Cheng-Zhu theory as a standard for exams, which had a profound effect on later generations. So it is inappropriate to see them as simply a nomadic Mongol empire similar to the Golden Horde, and so the traditional Mongol Khanate flag should not be used. In 1271, Kublai intended to set up a state and become the emperor, and when he chose the state name, he chose “大哉乾元” from the I Ching, so the state name was called Great Yuan. In Yuan dynasty sources, before 1271, the state would be called “Dachao Mongol” or similar titles, but after the establishment of the Yuan dynasty, it was only called Daiyuan in Chinese and Dai'on yeke Mongghol ulus in Mongolian, which means Great Yuan as well as Great Monglian. In that case ,i perfer this one the most
企业微信截图_17294109675290.png
 
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According to a reference guideline previously mentioned by the Tinto team (apologies, I forgot who and where this was mentioned), the place names should generally be selected based on the longer duration of use, rather than the names from the year 1337 (i.e., the start time of the game). Therefore, I have primarily referred to Ming Dynasty place names and have not considered those from the Yuan Dynasty.
i got it,that make sense,paradox indeed didn't even produce the provinces of the Yuan Dynasty, instead opting directly for the Ming Dynasty's thirteen provincial divisions
 
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As a Hong Konger, please make Hong Kong its own province
Hong Kong is so small that it's unlikely to become a separate province, though you have a location called Jiulong to compensate, an area that encompasses Hong Kong、 Kowloon as well as the New Territories. The Tang Dynasty garrison was near Tuen Mun in the western part of Kowloon, but the Song Dynasty government set up a saltworks and a garrison in Kowloon Bay, so there's no problem with calling the whole area Kowloon; Hong Kong becoming a major city is a few hundred years in the future, out of the game time.
 
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Those islands indeed belong to Lloa.
Sir I can't understand, even with the modern map division, Penghu County is independent of the main island of Taiwan, and during the Yuan Dynasty, Penghu was under the jurisdiction of Penghu Inspection Division and should have been set up as a territory of the Yuan Dynasty. And ethnically, Penghu Islands only have Han Chinese (maybe Min?). , the Taiwanese aborigines have no ability to travel to this island. Partitioning it would be the best option. On the other hand, the island of Taiwan itself, because of its sparse Han population, was attacked by the natives in 1291 when the Yuan Dynasty sent officials to ask the Taiwanese aborigines to submit to them, but they returned without any success. Therefore, the Yuan Dynasty's territory should only include Penghu and not Taiwan proper.
 
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Below are the proposed changes to settlement names in Guangdong, based on the Chinese Historical Atlas of Ming Dynasty. Similarly, the names being changed are mostly modern administrative township names, which do not refer to actual settlements. I have replaced them with the settlement names from the Ming Dynasty (and from the Qing Dynasty, where Ming names were unavailable).

1. Yǒng'ān (永安) <---- shuǐān
2. Língshān (靈山) <---- língchéng
3. Suìxī (遂溪) <---- suìchéng
4. Tiěpá (鐵杷) <---- jiùxiàn
5. Léizhōu (雷州) <---- léichéng
6. Xúwén (徐聞) <---- xúchéng
7. Wénchāng (文昌) <---- wénchéng
8. Dìng'ān (定安) <---- dìngchéng
9. Qióngzhōu (瓊州) <---- fǔchéng
10. Língāo (臨高) <---- línchéng
11. Dānzhōu (儋州) <---- yílún
12. Chānghuà (昌化) <---- chāngjiāng
13. Bàosuì (抱歲) <---- bǎosuì * Typo
14. Wànzhōu (萬州) <---- wànchéng
15. Yángchūn (陽春) <---- chūnchéng
16. Xīnxīng (新興) <---- xīnchéng
17. Xìnyí (信宜) <---- dōngzhèn
18. Shuāngshuǐ (瀧水) <---- lóngshuì
19. Déqìng (德慶) <---- déchéng
20. Gāoyào (高要) <---- nán'àn
21. Guǎngníng (廣寧) <---- nánjiē
22. Xīnhuì (新會) <---- huìchéng
23. Xīnzào (新造) <---- shìqiáo *This location corresponds to Panyu District in modern Guangzhou, but there were no well-known settlements in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and most of it has not yet become land. I chose a settlement name from the Qing Dynasty.
24. Fóshān (佛山) <---- guìchéng
25. Yángshān (陽山) <---- yángchéng
26. Liánshān (連山) <---- jítián
27. Xīngzǐ (星子) <---- xīngzi * Typo
28. Rǔyuán (乳源) <---- rǔchéng
29. Qūjiāng (曲江) <---- mǎbà
30. Yīngdé (英德) <---- yīngchéng
31. Chángníng (長寧) <---- jūnzǐzhàngxià * lol, I figured out that this place name on the Tinto map comes from the Chinese Wikipedia. The original text states, "萬曆元年(1573)遷治所於君子嶂下(今新豐縣城)興建磚城(In the first year of the Wanli era (1573), the government was moved to the foot of Junzi Mountain (the current Xinfeng County) to build a brick city.)" It seems that a punctuation error led to "the foot of Junzi Mountain" being mistakenly recognized as a place name.
32. Zēngchéng (增城) <---- lìchéng
33. Xīn'ān (新安) <---- bǎoān
34. Bóluó (博羅) <---- luóyáng
35. Kǔzhúpài (苦竹派) <---- gǔzhú
36. Hǎifēng (海豐) <---- hǎichéng
37. Yǒng'ān (永安) <---- zǐjīn
38. Xīngníng (興寧) <---- xìngníng *Typo
39. Bǎochāng (保昌) <---- xióngzhōu
40. Shǐxīng (始興) <---- tàipíng
41. Dàbù (大埔) <---- cháyáng
42. Jiēyáng (揭陽) <---- róngchéng
43. Yúnluòjìng (雲落徑) <---- pǔníng
44. Cháoyáng (潮陽) <---- miánchéng
guangdong.png


References
Tan, Qixiang, ed. (1996a) [1987], The Historical Atlas of China, vol. 7: The Yuan and Ming Dynasty Period (in Chinese), China Cartographic Publishing House.
Tan, Qixiang, ed. (1996b) [1987], The Historical Atlas of China, vol. 8: The Qing Dynasty Period (in Chinese), China Cartographic Publishing House.
 

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As a Hong Konger, please make Hong Kong its own province

I think having one location for Hong Kong is enough, given its small size. However, since Jiulong (Kowloon) is a geographical area (named after a mountain range) rather than a settlement, I think it will be better to rename the location Guanfu (官富), an important salt yard known since the Song Dynasty, later serving as the seat of a Inspection Commissionship (巡檢司). An alternative is Tunmen (屯門), an older settlement dating back to the Tang Dynasty, where the Battle of Tunmen (1521) broke out.

Interestingly, during the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, part of Hong Kong was captured by the warlord Hezhen (何真). According to the Geneology of the He Family of Lujiang Prefecture (廬江郡何氏家記), in the year of 1359, He Zhen sent a military force to the Camp of Sam Tin (岑田營), identified as Kam Tin (錦田) in modern Hong Kong.

To add more granularity for Hong Kong and the wider Zhujiang Delta region, I suggest that the Tanka people (蜑家人/水上人) should be represented as a culture. They are a group of people who live on boats, preserving a culture of seafaring that is distinct to the land-dwelling Cantonese farmers. We know that in the year of 1383, ten thousand of them were recruited into the navy.

111.jpg

“Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China”, edited by Pamela Kyle Crossley, Helen F. Siu, and Donald S. Sutton
 
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Those islands indeed belong to Lloa.
I believe the Penghu islands should be separated since they were under the control of the Yuan dynasty it was mostly inhabited by Han chinese fisherman probably of Min Culture so the location would produce fish, I think it should be its own separate location because it is geographically distinct and seperated from both Taiwan and China as a separate island. The culture would be min and it would produce fish, for the population im not too sure but probably a couple thousand at most. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu#History

In addition in regards to Hong Kong and Macau i do feel that Macau should be portrayed separately as well due to how historically important it is. I would also reccomend splitting the current "Jiulong" location into 2 one consisting of the peninsula attached to the mainland and the second being the separate islands of Hong Kong Island Lantau island and stonecutters island amongst a few more combined into 1 location to represent the insular parts of Hong Kong.


On Taiwan it really should have more locations some of the locations look really awkward like Lloa in that theyre so much bigger than the rest and the Formosan culture isnt very satisfactory. In linguistics there is more variation between the different Taiwanese language groups then there are in the entire Malaya-Polynesian grouping from New Zealand to Malaya. The Austronesian language group is literally split into like 10 different branches? 1 of those are the Malayo-Polynesian group which consist of languages as far apart as Hawaiian and Malagasy the other 9 branches are all various types of Formosan Languages. So to portray them all as one group is not very accurate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages. I can find a list or map of language groups and post it later
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Most of them should also be portrayed as SOPS especially the western plains aboriginals because the Kingdom of Middag which people have previously mentioned which honestly seems almost like an perfect example of a polity that is between the transition between a theorized SOP and a full polity in Project caesar (a rudimentary beginning of political centralization by uniting multiple villages) if you guys ever try to make SOP's playable it should probably serve as a model to what it would be like. (I have my own idea of how the gameplay of SOPs should be like, probably something like turning a SOP's territoroy into internalized OPM and the goal is to unite a certain amount of locations to become a fully fledged polity or something like that)


Another suggestion is the adding of a location on the Shandong peninsula specifically the island chain north of it. It is called the Changshan Islands ( 长山列岛) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changdao_County
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The culture groups probably need to have some stuff ironed out. Modern linguistic borders should not be superimposed over cultural borders in the region in the 1300's.

More edits are to come: I'm a bit busy right now, so I'll just continuously edit this for the time being. I'll be cross-checking with some local chronicles/gazettes over the weekend/next week. Sections labelled [discussion warranted] do not have strong textual support and may require further evidence

1. Southern Anhui should definitely be an area of Wu majority.

Mandarinic languages being the dominant Chinese language in Southern Anhui is a relatively recent phenomenon. Many Huai locations should be made into slashes (Wu/Huai), and certainly some should outright be fully Wu in that regard.

Jiang (2003) 吳語徽州片方言音韻研究. Translated by DeepL (I don't have time to do it manually)

This area is painfully underresearched so I can only provide a few sources (if more are needed). Territories pretty much up to the Yangtze River should be of Wu majority at this time. Large-scale migration of non-Wu speakers only really happened during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Huizhou itself isn't actually that coherent a linguistic group, and is culturally considered part of the same general strand of Han Chinese as the rest of southern Anhui.

Coblin (2007) Comparative Phonology of the Huīzhōu Dialects

It's also quite clear that Huizhou, due to having superficially Wu-looking features, has been comfortably considered a Wu Chinese subbranch, unlike Xiang. Refer to some of YR Chao's early works if evidence is needed. I would therefore advise for an outright merger of Wu and Huizhou.

2. Mandarinic cultures are highly anachronistic.

I am unfortunately unable to as accurately describe the exact migration waves in the various parts of Mandarinic-speaking China due to my research focus not being in this region, though I can at least share some thoughts using the knowledge I already have.

First, some general notes on the distribution of lects, going west to east. These are very minor issues on discrepencies between 1330’s China and today.

Southern Shaanxi should be a lot more "Zhongyuan" (see further comments), as Southwestern Mandarin-speaking migrants only entered the area during or after the Yuan dynasty. Other than this, I am unable to give further details on the Chinese-speaking population of Sichuan at the time.

Zhou (2014) 陜南混合方言知莊章組聲母的今讀類型與歷史層次

[discussion warranted] The border between Zhongyuan and Jin at around Yuncheng and Linfen is different to that of the Language Atlas of China (Li 2012). It seems intentional, as it follows the provincial border of Shanxi instead; I don't think it's a huge problem to depict it this way. I am also not aware of any sort of significant diglossic situation at that time. Similarly, Northeastern (including Beijing) Mandarin does not reach this far south in the Language Atlas, though again, this seems intentional.

The significantly more pressing issue is that of culture groups in general. Mandarinic language families are a lot more tentative, and are only classified based on a single, quite flimsy shared innovation, that being the distribution of historical checked tones. Even then, it's not always strictly adhered to.

As has already been pointed out above and in other comments, Sichuan at this time has not been resettled by Huguang migrants. Old Shu (“Ba-Shu Chinese”), spoken in Sichuan at the time, is perhaps the most famous extinct Chinese branch due to having a Wikipedia page (though many, many other extinct Chinese groups also exist). It is therefore completely unreasonable to have a merged Hubeinese and Sichuanese culture group. A simple split along the provincial border between Sichuan and Hubei could solve this issue.

Zhou (2013) 從移民史和方言分佈看四川方言的歷史. Note that the "area south and west of the Minjiang" would coincide with the checked tone-preserving Min-Chi varieties, ie. those that have a stronger Old Shu stratum, and the "area north and east" would be the Chengdu-Chongqing (ie. "core Sichuanese") variety.

[discussion warranted] Similarly, the lect area of Shaanxi should probably be split off from Zhongyuan to form a distinct cultural group. I do not have any sources on hand to cite (I may come back to this), but there is precedence in the use of a Qín-Lóng (秦隴, ie. Shaanxi-Gansu) group of Chinese lects. This would culturally make sense as well, as Shaanxi is typically not seen as part of the same geographical region as Henan, which can be explained by the lack of easy transportation routes between the two provinces, as compared to, say, Henan and Shandong. This can, again, be easily solved by creating a separate culture group based on provincial borders, this time between Henan and Shaanxi. As previously stated, Lanyin could and should be merged with Qinlong, and be pushed further east.

[discussion warranted] The Northeastern region of Shandong and Hebei is the area in which the use of language families just does not work. Jiaoliao and Jilu are two groups that were created solely based on the above checked tone criterion, and have very little historical precedence. Consider removing Jiaoliao, Jilu, and Dongbei, and reintroducing the Shandong and Zhili (can be rephrased as 趙燕 Zhàoyàn if "Zhili" is perhaps unwanted?) groups from EU4 instead. If any people have more information on any alternative solutions to this, please do raise them.
Agree with splitting the Qin area from Zhongyuan, but the difference between Jilu and Jiaoliao (I would rename those Qi and Lai) are not just checked tones, and have differences in tone (especially for the eastern parts of the peninsula, in the Dengzhou and Ninghai provinces shown in the map) and vocabulary that may have origins all the way into the Spring and Autumn period where the peninsula had the Lai kingdom before being annexed by Qi. I am not familiar with the historical language situation. Southern Shaanxi area.
 
Agree with splitting the Qin area from Zhongyuan, but the difference between Jilu and Jiaoliao (I would rename those Qi and Lai) are not just checked tones, and have differences in tone (especially for the eastern parts of the peninsula, in the Dengzhou and Ninghai provinces shown in the map) and vocabulary that may have origins all the way into the Spring and Autumn period where the peninsula had the Lai kingdom before being annexed by Qi. I am not familiar with the historical language situation. Southern Shaanxi area.
Qin-era varieties do not play any sort of significant role in Mandarinic dialectology (for hopefully very obvious reasons). Jilu and Jiaoliao are also literally defined based on checked tone distribution. cf:
關於冀魯官話的主要特徵,李榮先生(1987)曾做了一個總的説明:「冀魯官話的特徵是古清音入聲今讀陰平,古次濁入聲今讀去聲。(古清音讀陰平與古次濁入聲讀去聲藴涵古全濁入聲讀陽平)前者是冀魯和中原兩區的共性,與其他五區分開。後者是冀魯、蘭銀、膠遼、北京四區的共性,與其他三區分開。」
Li (2012) 中國語言地圖集
首次將膠遼官話確立為官話方言中的一個區的是李榮(1987), 他在《中國語言地圖集》中根據古人聲字的今讀對漢語方言調查所得的成果進行分析並以清人歸上為標準將膠遼官話內部分為青州片、登連片及蓋桓片三片,後人的研究也多在此分片基礎上進行。羅福騰(1998)《膠遼官話研究》是首篇專門以分布在遼寧山東兩省的膠遼官話為研究對象的文章。他在李榮的分區基礎上對膠遼官話各片的一些名稱以及每一片所管轄的範圍重新修改,並將青州片更名為青萊片,這是由於方言片的名稱取兩地點名合一的通例,後人在進行研究時也多沿用青萊片這個名稱。
Xia (2022) 膠遼官話四十年語音研究綜述

I'm not translating these since you can probably read these without assisstance

I don't disagree that these groups do share some other shared innovations, or that the upcoming project can have cultural borders perhaps loosely delineated by the Jiaodong peninsula, though do keep in mind that checked tone distribution is by definition how Li's Mandarinic subgroups are classified
 
Qin-era varieties do not play any sort of significant role in Mandarinic dialectology (for hopefully very obvious reasons). Jilu and Jiaoliao are also literally defined based on checked tone distribution. cf:

Li (2012) 中國語言地圖集

I'm not translating these since you can probably read these without assisstance. I don't disagree that these groups do share some other shared innovations, though do keep in mind that checked tone distribution is by definition how Li's Mandarinic subgroups are classified
You're right in assuming I can read those. The Qin/Zhongyuan split is not based on the top-level Mandarin dialect subgroups but the cultural and geographic split that is very clear between the Guanzhong area and the plains area to its east. The Qin area has clearly more cultural input from central asia than the central plains, both now and then.
For the other comment, I don't think I disagreed with you that checked tone distribution is the basis for mandarin group assignment. You talked about no significant cultural difference between central Shandong and the peninsula beyond the Mandarin subgroups having differences in checked tone distribution, which is what I disagreed with. I basically said the split between the peninsular culture and the mainland culture should still exist, although the names should probably not entirely follow the names for Mandarin subgroups (Jilu and Jiaoliao) but with different names.
For the culture names in the Mandarin speaking regions, I would probably go with: Zhongyuan - probably keep, Jilu - Qi, Jiaoliao - Lai, Jianghuai - probably keep, Dongbei - Yan. Xinan should also be split into Chu (Hubei and Northern Hunan), and Shu/Bashu (Sichuan). Some of those cultural borders are also just going to be problematic either way, since many regions are transitional cultures between those, because those things really only exist in a certain continuum that is only more muddied by the idea that "there is only one Han ethnicity so they're all the same".
 
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When the Portuguese and later Dutch first visited Formosa/Taiwan they encountered organized resistance, including the Kingdom of Middag. It is (as far as I know) not known when the kingdom formed but I feel like it would be worthwhile to have at the very least some SOP on the island. They were even organized enough to give Kongming's army a lot of trouble.

If this is possible to represent, I do not know, but the waters between Taiwan and the mainland were also stormy enough only European ships and a select few Chinese who knew the waters were capable of sailing between the two.
Small correction to this post, I meant Koxinga, not Kongming. Got hit by autocorrect. I would also like to request the Penghu islands be made a separate location from Lioa. The Qing did not mind the Dutch settling in Taiwan, but they considered Penghu part of their domain and thus kicked them out.
 
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