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Tinto Maps #23 - 18th of October 2024 - China

Hello, and welcome to another week of Tinto’s fun Maps. This week it will be a huge one, as we will take a look at the entirety of China. It is a really big area, but it didn’t make sense to split it into multiple parts to present it separately, so we are showing it all at once. So, without further ado, let’s get started.

Countries
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Obviously the territory is dominated by Yuán, with Dali as its vassal. They appear big, strong, and scary, but they will have their own fair share of problems for sure. I will not go into detail into the countries that can be seen further south, as we will talk about Southeast Asia in a future Tinto Maps.

Societies of Pops
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Quite a variety of peoples in Southwest China, as you will see later in the culture maps.

Dynasties
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Here we finally have managed to catch the full name of the Borjigin dynasty in all its glory.

Locations
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Before you ask, there are around 1800 locations in China proper, not counting impassables and barring possible counting errors.

Provinces
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Areas
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Terrain
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You will notice here that there are few locations assigned as "farmlands", that's because when we did this part of the map there was yet not a clear criteria on how we would be defining the farmlands and their placement here hasn't been reviewed yet.

Development
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As mentioned before, the harsh changes of development at the end of China proper is probably too strong right now and it’s something that will have to be reviewed, especially at the Liáodōng area.

Natural Harbors
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Cultures
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There is a lot of cultural variation in China, not only among the sinitic peoples (which have been divided according to their linguistical and dialectal differences) but also having many other types of non-sinitic peoples. The resulting pie chart for the cultures of the country is a wonder to see indeed. And even if Yuán itself is Mongolian, there are actually very few Mongolian people in the country, as only the ruling class would belong to it. That is one other source of further trouble for Yuán.

Religions
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Considering religion, there is also a lot of variation in the South West, and one thing you will notice is the clear lack of “Animism”. We have finally eliminated Animism as a religion from the game and have divided it into many multiple ones. Besides this, and some Muslim presence in some areas, there are other small pockets of religions that do not get to appear in the map, like Manichaeism, Nestorianism, Judaism and Zoroastrianism. And the elephant in the room is the Mahayana, that we have already mentioned that we have plans on dividing it, but more on it at the end.

Raw Materials
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A very resource rich region, which makes it understandable that China was able to basically be self-sufficient in terms of resources for long periods in history, and with many sources of highly appreciated resources like silk, tea, and even soybeans. Another interesting thing is the division on the preference of grain cultivation, with rice being more prominent in the south while the north tends to favor wheat and sturdy grains (millet, basically).

Markets
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Population
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Yes, there’s a lot of population in China, and with that many people and that many resources it obviously has a lot of potential. We have been following population census of 1351 and 1393, which allows us to have the most accurate values we can have.

Now, before closing off, let me turn back once again to the subject of religion, as it has already been pointed out that having a single Mahayana religion covering both China and Tibet (and parts of India) may not be the best both for accuracy and gameplay reasons, and we basically agree with it so we are planning on reworking a bit but it hasn’t been done in time for this Tinto Maps. However, as we are aware that you are not able to provide proper feedback unless we present you something, let me now share with you what are our plans with it. Please keep in mind that I will NOT go into details about their mechanics, and only talk about their distribution.

First of all, Tibetan Buddhism will be split and turned into its own religion. Although it “technically” is part of the Mahayana branch, it is true that its practices have distinguished it from Chinese Buddhism enough to represent it as its own religion, starting from the fact that they do not follow the same canon. The Mahayana that was present in India was already an outlier from start, so it will be made into its own religion.

That leaves out that the current “Mahayana” remaining in game will be Chinese Buddhism, that is, those following the Chinese Buddhist canon, and it will be present in China, Korea, and Vietnam. The question remains on what to call the religion, and several things have to be considered for that:

  1. The religion will already include blended into it Confucianism and Daoism besides Buddhism, so all three religions are included. That means it can’t be named either Confucianism or Daoism, as they have been bundled in. Buddhism was taken as the base name because, from the three, it was considered as the one mostly oriented towards the “religious” (Confucianism being more focused on administration and Daoism on rituals), and the most similar to what an organized religion would be outside of China.
    1. As a subpoint on that, and I can’t go into details for it yet, but there will also be options inside it to favor Buddhism over Confucianism or the opposite, so that is already covered too.
  2. As mentioned, it will be present not only in China but also in Korea and Vietnam (and any other country that may convert too, like for example Japan), so naming it something that’s too intrinsic to Chinese identity would not be ideal. That would mean that a term like Sānjiào, although good, would feel a bit out of place when playing for example as Korea (we know that the concept spread there too, but it was more prominent inside China and regardless having the name be directly in Chinese would be the main issue when playing outside China)

So, for now, the current name we are considering for the religion is directly “Chinese Buddhism”, or even leaving it as “Mahayana”, understanding that the main current of Mahayana is the version following the Chinese canon anyway. But feel free to suggest any alternative naming if you feel that there may be a better option we haven’t thought of, as long as it takes into consideration the previous points. And of course, let us know your feedback on the proposed representation and distribution too.

And that’s it for today, after a bit longer closing than usual. Next week we’ll be back a bit further east, taking a look at Korea and Japan. Hope to see you there!
 
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I must correct you, there are no strange Jurchen tribes in Manchuria. I don't mind it being released after the Red Turban Army, but it shouldn't have existed at the beginning. Perhaps you should create the Eastern Kings of the Yuan Dynasty to control that region. However, I am somewhat lacking in information in this area

By strange, do you mean all of them?

For the four kings, as far as I know, the most eastern one's (Otchigin's) reach would only go as far as the hills east of Otchigin, which where I've put them
 
By strange, do you mean all of them?

For the four kings, as far as I know, the most eastern one's (Otchigin's) reach would only go as far as the hills east of Otchigin, which where I've put them
Yes, everyone. There is no introduction about this in Chinese textbooks (I'm sorry I don't have more relevant information). Only some introductions from the Eastern princes and kings of the Yuan Dynasty (with only one sentence and no map)
 
Yes, everyone. There is no introduction about this in Chinese textbooks (I'm sorry I don't have more relevant information). Only some introductions from the Eastern princes and kings of the Yuan Dynasty (with only one sentence and no map)

Well, what I've drawn is compiled from information by Linbot and Freshplayer over in the Mongolia & Manchuria thread. So I got no clue myself if this is true or not, but it seems credible. You should check it out over there and post your doubts, see where it goes.
 
Well, what I've drawn is compiled from information by Linbot and Freshplayer over in the Mongolia & Manchuria thread. So I got no clue myself if this is true or not, but it seems credible. You should check it out over there and post your doubts, see where it goes.
I don't have a lot of information here, but someone in my team has it. They may send some materials in a few hours.
 
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Syncretic Maitreya:
Overall description:
Both the red turbans and white lotus were heavily influenced by the idea that Maitreya would bring about a new age. However, there was always syncretism with daoism, folk religion, or manichaeism

Name: Maitreya

Icon: Budai/Fat Buddha
Although Budai is a different figure than Maitreya, the fat buddha had become widely used to represent maitreya by the end of the yuan dynasty. Plus I want to see the fat buddha in the game

Endorsement by a emperor: no

Proselytized inside china: Yes!
White Lotus and Red Turban leaders preached the imminent arrival of Maitreya Buddha, framing their uprisings as fulfilling his divine mandate to cleanse the world of corruption and tyranny

Game Mechanics:
The presence of maitreyan should reduce mandate, and if the power of clergy in those areas become high enough, a rebel country should be released
Locations which have low fulfillment, or are neighboring another maitreyan location should have the chance to become Maitreyan
The default state religion of the red turbans and Shun should be Maitreyan. But once they claim the mandate, there should be missions/decisions to support Orthodox confucian (converting provinces back to Folk religion) and suppress maitreyan
I really like this idea, but not all uprisings in China are part of the White Lotus Sect. At least Li Zicheng did not believe in the White Lotus Sect, and the Red Turban Army could have believed in the White Lotus Sect. But the White Lotus Sect Uprising is actually simply called the White Lotus Sect Uprising. Instead of anything else, I don't recommend the rebels to believe in this. After all, there have been uprisings in Islam and Taoism, and even Manichaean uprisings.
 
Is there a reason a united China/the Emperor couldn't have converted to Christianity?
China has a very strong self tradition, secularization, and pan belief phenomenon. Although it is not surprising that the emperor himself believed in Catholicism, promoting this religion throughout the country would lead to a serious disaster. Without external pressure, there should not be any changes in China's state religion. And considering the characteristics of China, Catholicism will not be the original doctrine. Matteo Ricci and the Jesuits changed their doctrines during their missionary work in China and canonized a large number of Chinese saints.
If further sinicization occurs, it may be similar to the experience of Nestorianism in China, as it is too similar to Chinese religion and has been absorbed into Buddhism and Taoism as their branches, losing the characteristics of Christianity.
 
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Manichaeism: I dont think this should be represented in the game, it had been almost completely incorporated into daoism by the yuan dynasty
Manichaeism can exist, and at that time there were still relatively many Manichaean texts that joined forces with Manichaeism. Although it has been sinicized into Ming Buddhism. But the overall doctrine has not undergone too severe alienation.
(And without it, how can I have the motivation to fight back to Persia?)
 
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Yes, everyone. There is no introduction about this in Chinese textbooks (I'm sorry I don't have more relevant information). Only some introductions from the Eastern princes and kings of the Yuan Dynasty (with only one sentence and no map)
The Jurchen polities depicted are based off of the 万户 (tumens) that governed the Jurchens during the Yuan dynasty.
 
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Updates to the China map:
  • Added all the Tusi + some recent suggestions on their border adjustments
    • All goldish brown countries are tusi Yuan vassals (presumably all, @Streamlet can correct me on this concerning the Tai / Shan countries)
      • Pink countries in the extreme South-West are not vassals of Yuan
    • I haven't named the absolute mess of tusi in the South-West, as they wouldn't fit into the map, but their names can be found from the various suggestions found in this thread
  • Bin & Liang are vassal princes of Yuan, the only ones with some gameplay relevance, as the other princes were swept up during the Red Turban Rebellion
    • Bin would go on to form Kara Del when Yuan retreated North
    • Liang (Yunnan) would be the last Southern holdout of the Yuan dynasty under Basalawarmi
  • Xibe, Beiku & Xiyangha are Yuan vassals, but they are different colour to make them distinct from Hurga, who is the Jin overlord of Taowen, Tuowolian & Odoli (Hurga is a Yuan vassal as well)
  • Jishizou, Hezhou, Taozhou, Minzhou & Songpan are Yuan commanderies (not tusi)
  • Goryeo is also a vassal, just different colour to make them distinct
    • Shenyang is a vassal kingdom of Yuan, ruled by Wang Ko, the cousin of the current Goryeon king
      • Wang Ko would have a claim on Goryeo and vice versa, as these two kingdoms changed hands within the family quite a few times


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Locations:
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Personally, I think from what I know about the Golog, it might make more sense to have them be an SOP rather than a landed tag. But I don't have any solid information on their political history during this time period, so I would appreciate input from others.
 
I must correct you, there are no strange Jurchen tribes in Manchuria. I don't mind it being released after the Red Turban Army, but it shouldn't have existed at the beginning. Perhaps you should create the Eastern Kings of the Yuan Dynasty to control that region. However, I am somewhat lacking in information in this area
From my perspective, Jurchen should be divided into Sheng (Uncivilized) Jurchen and Shu (Civilized) Jurchen. Shu Jurchen was put directly under the Yuan government, while Sheng Jurchen comprised tribes and clans indirectly under the Yuan. The existing Jurchen tribes in this game are fiction because the land along the Korean border should be directly part of Shu Jurchen under Yuan control, or Jurchen should be buffers between Mongols and Koreans, which apparently lacked historical evidence.

Even if Sheng Jurchen, including Odoli and Hurga, migrated into the currently defined area earlier than 1337, Mongols still controlled the land until the invasion of Fio by Sheng Jurchen in 1372. However, Hurga and Odoli tried to escape from other Sheng Jurchen tribes, particularly the Udige (兀狄哈) due to historical rivalry, which drove them out of this area and moved further west. Part of Hurga and Odoli left behind, which evolved into Warka in this area.

Furthermore, Warka is not a typical Jurchen name for Jurchen in this area. This English transliteration is derived from a Chinese name 瓦尔喀, very rarely used term in the historical context. In contrast, most Chinese and Korean sources refer to them as 毛怜 (Maolin in Chinese Romanization) or 兀良哈 (Wuliangha in Chinese, Orangkai in Korean Romanization). According to Chinese Manchu historian Jin Biao, the name of this tribe derived from Morin, horse in Manchu, and they came from a place called Murengolo (now Muling, Heilongjiang), probably because they raised horses. -ka (older Manchu used -ha, and later used -giya) is a historical suffix that means family or clan deriving from hala, family or clan in Manchu. For example, the location name Ilan Hala means three clans. Manchu family names like Gūwalgiya, Tunggiya also used this suffix. Therefore, the tribe's name in Manchu should be Murenka or Murengka, but misspelled as Wurengka, Urengka, or Warka by Korean.

In Jin Biao's paper (2019) 建州女真的迁徙与源流考述, the three tribes of Ilan Hala, Odoli, Hurga, and Tuowen migrated into Northeastern Sino-Korean borderland around the 1330s under the command of Wanggiyan family from Hurga. They put part of their people (Moreng people) in the Murengolo area under Gūwalgiya family, majority of Hurga people around of the city of Jianzhou (建州, Ussuriysk or Dongning) under Wangiyan family, and the rest of Odoli people in the city of Xiguan (奚关 or Fio 斐优 city in Manchu, now in Hunchun) under (Asin) Gioro family. As a matter of fact, the Jurchen tribes was not only protected by the Yuan government until 1372 but also more accepted by the local Shu Jurchen community because of their family heritage and historical connections.

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The map shows the location of Jianzhou within Shuaibin Fu in the east of Balhae Kingdom. Jianzhou Jurchen was named after this city.
 
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Personally, I think from what I know about the Golog, it might make more sense to have them be an SOP rather than a landed tag. But I don't have any solid information on their political history during this time period, so I would appreciate input from others.
The Gologs were probably not less centralized than the neighboring Tibetan nomads, so if Golog is to be removed, we will probably need to make the majority of eastern Tibet uncolonized (or maybe unified as a big blob). The Gologs at least have their own geneologies, tracing back to a legendary founder who flourished in the 14th century, while we barely know anything about the other Amdo and Kham nomads.

For instance, the geneologies of Derge (the rulers of Kham in eu4) claimed that their kings descended from the ancient sGa clan, but admitted that their true founder was a nomadic chief who migrated to the modern Derge area in the early 15th century, where they gained land grants from the ruler of Lingtsang.
 
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The Gologs were probably not less centralized than the neighboring Tibetan nomads, so if Golog is to be removed, we will probably need to make the majority of eastern Tibet uncolonized (or maybe unified as a big blob). The Gologs at least have their own geneologies, tracing back to a legendary founder who flourished in the 14th century, while we barely know anything about the other Amdo and Kham nomads.

For instance, the geneologies of Derge (the rulers of Kham in eu4) claimed that their kings descended from the ancient sGa clan, but admitted that their true founder was a nomadic chief who migrated to the modern Derge area in the early 15th century, where they gained land grants from the ruler of Lingtsang.
Perhaps they could be tribal kingdoms, similar to the Arabian tribes or Irish tuathas?
 
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I came acroas another document which talks about the polities and ethnic makeup of southwestern Yunnan: "The Formation of Tai Polities Between the 13th to 16th Centuries" [PDF]

I won't say much about the sections on polities because it generally agrees with what has already been suggested - that the native chieftains should be represented as full countries, being on a similar level to neighbouring Dali and South East Asian states. The only significant difference is that Shunning (which I called Möng Hten) should instead be a Palaung/Wa polity called Qingdian. There was also a mention that Chinese administrative divisions didn't always perfectly correspond to local polities, which could be a reason to merge some of the smaller divisions where their independence is unclear, this also agrees with what I read in Tai chronicles about a single ruler already holding power over most of the routes between Luchuan and Rouyuan around 1300.
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The more significant changes come from the sections on ethnic groups, especially on the Miao, Hani, Lahu, and Lisu, who were not present in this region until the 17th century, and the Palaungic/Mon-Khmer speakers who occupied a greater area from Lan Na to Dali.
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Sorry for the messy map, but from what I can tell these are the directions the groups should move towards. Palaung and Wa should occupy both their present location and the further locations. I'm not sure where Hani and Lahu originally came from, I would assume somewhere with the Yi people since they all speak Loloish languages.

One thing I disagree with from the document is that it sometimes refers to Echang 峨昌 as Jingpo rather than Achang, even though it also contradicts itself in another section. This might be because Achang are sometimes considered a subgroup of the Kachin confederation (called Jingpo in China), which makes it irrelevant to the Jingpo culture in PC. The Jinghpaw in Burmese history didn't descend from the northern regions near Tibet until the 18th century, and were one of the last southward migrations of Tibeto-Burman groups. Even their own oral history generally keeps their 'homeland' in the northern regions (Hkahku) up until the last few centuries (the earliest believable date I saw was around 1500).

It also talks about the spread of Buddhism among Tai people. Groups west of the Salween river were (as I previously stated) still pagan, but Buddhism had a limited influence east of the Salween river via Lan Na. Kengtung and Chiang Hung somewhat nominally followed Buddhism, but no temples were constructed until the 1500s.
 
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Just looking at these maps again, and does China really have basically no wetlands? I would have thought the Yellow river delta or the Pearl River delta would be wetlands, but I'm just basing that off both being very large deltas.
It's really neat how the coastline is different from the present.
 
Just looking at these maps again, and does China really have basically no wetlands? I would have thought the Yellow river delta or the Pearl River delta would be wetlands, but I'm just basing that off both being very large deltas.
It's really neat how the coastline is different from the present.
Yes, and there are many. If we follow the typical definition of wetlands, the entire Yellow River Basin and the Huai River Basin can be considered wetlands. Because the Yellow River diversion has completely eroded the water system in this area.
There are also many artificial wetlands, such as the large artificial lakes in the Huai River Basin, such as Hongze Lake. It is an artificial lake, and it is an above ground lake. Later, in a more serious flood event, the water area of Hongze Lake became larger and submerged the nearby two thousand year old city of Sizhou.
There are also two large lakes in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the plain around Dongting Lake and its shrinking north, with dense river networks and small lakes everywhere. Similarly, there is also the area around Poyang Lake.
Due to high development, although many areas near the Yangtze River Delta also meet the typical definition of wetlands, it is more appropriate to define them as farmland.
And the Hetao Plain in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, where water conservancy projects were abandoned for a long time after the Yuan Dynasty. It can be completely regarded as a wetland.
 
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I confess that I didn't get through all 35 pages, but there is one thing that is very important to me to say.

Apparently the number of playable provinces will increase significantly. Together with other game-deepening details, as a very experienced Ming player (EU4), I see the danger that this will make china unplayable for a single human player.
The abundance of decisions that need to be made at the same time is becoming too great.
 
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I confess that I didn't get through all 35 pages, but there is one thing that is very important to me to say.

Apparently the number of playable provinces will increase significantly. Together with other game-deepening details, as a very experienced Ming player (EU4), I see the danger that this will make china unplayable for a single human player.
The abundance of decisions that need to be made at the same time is becoming too great.
In fact, that is the problem with personal dictatorship in China. Multiple Ming emperors often showed little interest in running the government (e.g. Emperor Wanli refused to work because of his conflicts with ministers, leaving half of the government position across the country open and ignoring both peasant revolts and Manchu invasions). In the meantime, multiple Qing emperors were diligent in their work. Still, fewer could have something done (Emperor Yongzheng was a super workaholic with only 5 hours of sleep every day in his 13-year regime, but you could never hear of him). A typical way of mandarins' governance is either 颟顸 (pretending to be stupid in doing something and messing it up) or 敷衍 (pretending to be doing something but avoiding any result.), so most emperors could hardly have any achievement for real. That's how the world runs.
 
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I confess that I didn't get through all 35 pages, but there is one thing that is very important to me to say.

Apparently the number of playable provinces will increase significantly. Together with other game-deepening details, as a very experienced Ming player (EU4), I see the danger that this will make china unplayable for a single human player.
The abundance of decisions that need to be made at the same time is becoming too great.
Tbh, if my impresion of chinese gamers is accurate playing as China requiring hardcore levels of micromamagement will probably just make the game even more popular there.
 
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Is there a reason a united China/the Emperor couldn't have converted to Christianity?
Probably because their legitimacy would have faltered,if the current Emperor converts to a foreign religion followed by barbarians an usurper would have taken up arms with a very compelling argument for the masses
Though i don't think it would have been totally impossible since from my knowledge the Christian missionaries in China tried to make a point about Christianity not being completely incompatible with the local confucian beliefs,probably would have needed multiple well respected and long-lasting stable rulers that followed Christianity in a row
 
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