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Tinto Maps #6 - 14th of June 2024 - Great Britain & Ireland

Hello everyone. @Pavía and the rest of the Content Design team are busy working on the feedback for the previous Tinto Maps, so I'm standing in for this week.

I'm @SaintDaveUK, some of you might have seen me here and there on the forums, but the long story short is that I work on a very secret game whose name I am contractually obligated to redact. That's right, it's ███████ ██████!

This week you get a double-whammy, mostly because it’s really hard to show Britain on its own on a screenshot. Partly to side-step the “British Isles” naming controversy, but mainly because the gameplay of them both is so different, this part of Europa is divided into 2 distinct regions: Great Britain and Ireland.

Climate​

The mild Oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) dominates the isles. Where it cools towards the inland Pennines and the Scottish Highlands (Köppen Cfc), we represent it with the wintry and dreich Continental climate.

climate.jpg




Topography​

The isles are dominated by green and pleasant flatlands and low rolling hills, the peripheries punctuated by rocky mountains and craggy highlands.

We would like to add some more impassable locations in northern England and the Scottish borders to make manoeuvres a little more interesting and strategic, but would like suggestions from people more familiar with the Pennines.

[Edit: 16 June added the missing map]

topography.JPG


Vegetation​

The great moors, bogs, and fens are represented by Sparse vegetation, meanwhile much of the land is still wooded.

vegetation.jpg




Raw Materials​

The raw goods situation aims to reflect the economic reality of medieval Britain. Shepherding was common on every corner of the islands, a lot of the wool produced was sold to the industrial hub of the Low Countries to be manufactured into cloth, which was in turn sold back to British markets.

The further north-west we go, the less fertile the terrain, and as such the greater reliance on pastoral farming such as livestock over wheat. The western hills and valleys also expose a greater number of mineral delights, including the historic stannary mines of Devon and Cornwall.

raw_materials.jpg




Markets​

As you can see the two starting markets are London and Dublin. Aside from London we could have chosen almost any town, from Aberdeen to Bristol. We chose Dublin as it was the main trade centre in Ireland, and also because it handsomely splits the isles to the East and West of the Pennines, demonstrating the impact that terrain can have on dynamic Market attraction.

They are both shades of red because they are coloured after the market centre’s top overlord country – market control is a viable playstyle and we like to think of it as a form of map painting for countries not focused on traditional conquest routes.

market.jpg




Culture​

We have decided to go with a monolithic English culture. We could have forced the introduction of a second Northumbrian or even third Mercian culture, but typically they were not really considered separate peoples. The English, though diverse in origin and with a variety of dialects, had already begun to coalesce in the face of the Viking invasions hundreds of years before.

Scotland, conversely, is a real porridge of cultures. The Lowland Scots (who speak a dialect of Northumbrian English that later develops into the Scots language) dominate their kingdom from their wealthy burghs, and are gradually encroaching onto the pastoral lands of the Gaelic Highlanders. The Norse-Gaelic clansmen watch from the Western Isles, with some old settlements remaining around Galloway. The far north, ironically called Sutherland, retains some Norse presence.

Wales, conquered for around a century by this point, plays host to English burghers looking to make a few quid, as well as the descendants of Norman adventurer knights in the marcher lordships, but is still majority Welsh-speaking from Anglesey to Cardiff.

The Anglo-Irish (representing the spectrum from Cambro-Norman knights to the so-called ‘Old English’ settlers) live in great numbers in the south-eastern trading towns from Dublin to Cork, as well as in smaller numbers in frontier outposts.

The cosmopolitan towns across the isles are also home to people from elsewhere in Europe, most notably Flemish weavers from the Low Countries, though their numbers are too small to impact the mapmode.

The Norman ███████ dominates as the ██████████████ for both of the kingdoms and their subjects. The conquest of 1066 is no longer fresh, but the continuing bonds between the aristocratic classes of England, Scotland, and France have kept the French language alive and strong.

culture.jpg






Religion​

I decided that it's not even worth taking a screenshot of the Religion map mode. There are tiny minorities of Jewish people in some Scottish and Irish towns (they had been expelled from England), but they are so small in number they don't even register on the map mode

Other than that, it's all Catholic. But not for long.

> John Wycliffe has entered the chat.


Areas​

Based on the 4 provinces of Ireland (sorry Meath) and splitting England roughly into the larger Anglo-Saxon earldoms which have some similarity with the modern Regions (sorry Yorkshire).

areas.jpg





Provinces​

We have fixed the colours of the Provinces mapmode so you can see the individual provinces a bit more clearly. These are largely based on the historic counties, which have remained fairly constant throughout history, while merging some of those that are too small.

We’ve almost certainly offended someone.

The ancient Scottish shires are pretty messy and difficult to coalesce into neat provinces, so any suggestions for better arrangement there would be very welcome.

provinces.jpg




Locations​


You might notice that the locations in Ireland are varyingly written in both English and in Irish. This is because we have the new system up-and-running where we can name Locations by the primary culture of the country they are owned by.

This means that for example London might be called Londres if it was ruled by a Catalan country. It’s currently a WIP feature and we might add more elements, such as a game setting to base the name on dominant culture of the location instead, or to just use default (English) names.

locations.jpg




Government Types​

As with most of Europe, most of the countries are under some monarchy or another, but the Irish tuathas begin with the Tribe government type. This, among other mechanics such as [redacted] helps to give them a very unique playing style in Europe.

government.jpg


Countries​

England

England of course stands as the dominant kingdom in the isles. Despite having a lot of power resting on the barons, the country is fairly unitary even at this point, with very little practical separation between the crown’s power in somewhere like Kent versus Yorkshire. However there are notable exceptions.

The powerful Burgesses estate in the City of London enjoys ancient freedoms from royal power, while the king peers in from the Crown’s seat of power in neighbouring Westminster.

The County Palatine of Durham is not represented by a country, but buildings that give the Clergy Estate a huge amount of power in the locations it is present in. This also ties into political gameplay as a ██████████ ██████.

The newly created Duchy of Cornwall—the only duchy in England at the time—would also not be represented well by the Cornwall country, being a disparate set of manorial holdings that are ironically mostly in Devon. Cornwall of course exists as a releasable country though.

The Isle of Man is a little less certain. For now we have it as a subject of England. On paper it was a ‘kingdom’ awarded to William Montagu, the king’s favourite, however we aren’t sure if he actually wielded any real power on the isle. It changed hands between England and Scotland numerous times in this period, but in practice it appears to have been governed by a local council of barons. Any more details on exactly what was going on here in this period would be greatly appreciated.

These decisions have been made because as England heaves itself out of the feudal system, we thought it would be best if the small-fry inward-looking internal politicking is handled through the Estates and [redacted] systems, and then the diplomacy tracks are freed up for the English player to behave more outwardly against other major countries.

Wales

Though subjugated by conquest, Wales was not formally annexed into the Kingdom of England until the mid 1500s. As such the principality begins as a Dominion subject under England.

Those familiar with Welsh history will note that historically the Principality of Wales didn’t extend much beyond the old kingdom of Gywnedd. Much of the country to the southeast was in fact ruled by marcher lords, which we represent with a powerful Nobility estate in the valleys and beyond.

There is an alternative vision of Wales that I would like to gauge opinion on, and that is expanding it to include the Earldom of Chester and the marches on the English side of the modern border. If you are an Englishman familiar with modern borders this might look alarming, but these lands were also constitutionally ambiguous parts of the “Welsh Marches” until the 1500s. This will hand over to the Wales player the full responsibility of dealing with the marcher lords, allowing England to focus on bigger picture issues like beating France.

Ireland

Ireland is going through a moment of change. English royal power is centred on the Lordship of the Pale, the king’s Dominion ruling out of Dublin Castle. However, it struggles to keep a grasp on the rebellious Hiberno-Norman earls scattered around the island - some of whom remain as vassals, some of whom have managed to slip free of royal control.

The Tanistry system of succession endemic to the Gaelic Irish has its advantages, but it can also lead to chaotic feuds between rival branches. The so-called Burke Civil War has fractured the powerful Earldom of Ulster into rival Burke cousins who jealously feud over their shrinking lordships in Connaught. Native Irish princes of the north have reconquered most of their own lands from the de Burghs, but there are also two rival O’Neill cousins who style themselves King of Tyrone either side of the River Bann.

The feuding Irish lack a unifying figure, but anyone powerful enough could theoretically claim the title of High King. The former provincial kingdoms, such as Meath and Connacht, enjoy the elevated rank of Duchy, giving them a slight edge in the High Kingship selection.

Scotland

The chancer Edward Balliol continues his attempt for the Scottish throne, with England’s tacit permission. It’s hard to determine the exact lands held by Balliol in 1337, but we know his disinherited loyalists hold the castle of Perth while his English allies had seized large tracts of the lowlands from Bruce. Balliol has also bought the loyalty of the MacDonald and the other Hebridean galley lords by granting them remote land on the west coast of the mainland.

Meanwhile, Scotland’s canny regent Sir Andrew de Moray launches his decisive counterattack as his true king, David II de Bruce, waits in exile in France.

political.jpg


Dynasties​

We know about Plantagenet, Balliol, and Bruce, so I've zoomed in on Ireland to show the ruling dynasties of the various chieftains and earls.

dynasty.jpg


Population​

Excuse the seams and the greyscale mapmode. We have something better in the pipeline...

population_country.jpg
population_location.jpg




Well, thats it for now!

As always the team is eagerly awaiting your feedback and looking forward to the discussions. We’ll try to keep on top of the thread, but we have a teambuilding activity this afternoon so it might be a little more sporadic than usual!

Next week: Anatolia!
 
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Yes; the alternate path might be to back Glyndwr as a loyal vassal and thus gain disloyal Anglo-Norman marcher lords infecting the nobility generally with low loyalty/disposition. You either get one of two revolts or all of the nobility are full of hate and scorn. A bit like today's politics, really... ;)
 
Yes; the alternate path might be to back Glyndwr as a loyal vassal and thus gain disloyal Anglo-Norman marcher lords infecting the nobility generally with low loyalty/disposition. You either get one of two revolts or all of the nobility are full of hate and scorn. A bit like today's politics, really... ;)
Sadly Glyndwr wasn't a Marcher lord in the sense that he was the Owner and controller of an entire marcher lordship semi-sovereign of other entities which could be represented as a tag, rather he was a Mense lord within two separate entities within the Marcher lordships answerable to a higher ranking lord or the crown directly.

My mapping project has attempted to narrow down the exact borders but I've only been successful with the exact borders of one of his landholdings. He held lands in Glandyfrdwy in the Principality of Wales and Sycharth within the Lordship of Chirk from his Paternal line and inherited lands within the Principality of Wales on the banks of the Tywi river matrilineally (Note, matrilineal landholdings in Ceredigion are very rough and likely to be somewhat smaller).

"On the 8th, November 1400, Owain Glyndŵr’s lands, had been confiscated by King Henry IV, and granted by him to his brother, John, Earl of Somerset. They included the manors and lordships of Glyndyfyrdwy, Sycharth, and Cynllaeth, in north Wales, and of Iscoed and Gwynionydd, in south Wales. It comes as no surprise, therefore, that the men of Iscoed were in the first group of the men of Cardiganshire to join Owain in 1400." - Source

1720370219142.png
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Image 1: The Marcher Lordships (as they stand)
Image 2: Landholdings of Glyndwr within the Principality of Wales and the estate Sycharth and the sub-lordship of Cynllaith within the Lordship of Chirk

Likewise, the majority of the Powerful marcher lords were all Anglo-Norman, with the notable exception of the lords of Powys who retained a rump state in return for loyalty to the crown, the ruling dynasty of Powys, the Gwenwynwyn family (They used patronymical names, hard to pinpoint a surname tbh) attempted to anglicise and renamed themselves the de la Poles this would be the family ruling at games start (Glyndwr claimed descent from this original Powys line, and the lands he held in Sycharth used to be part of a larger Kingdom of Powys before its relegation as a Lordship). However by the timeframe of the war, the native lords of Powys had died out in 1349, replaced with the Charlton family.

So I doubt that mechanic would work really, the animosity between native and Anglo-Norman lords was very much grounded in the hierarchical structure within the lordships themselves, but also across multiple lordships, as was the case between Grey De Ruthin and Glyndwr.

(But I can see the basis for a cool achievement to return the Kingdom of Wales as the Lordship of Powys, the last decedents of Welsh royalty who appear as tags at the time before they die out in 1349, 12 years after game start).
 
Sure - I'm not suggesting that there needs to be different territories there in the mechanics of the game, just that you have a 'situation' with possible outcomes of two alternative 'flavours' of revolt or a general dissatisfaction in the noble estate - however that is represented in the game.

Edit to add: the Anglo-Norman revolt would maybe be tougher, but beating it down might bring dissatisfaction among the nobles generally but a grant of Welsh culture as a primary/accepted culture?
 
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Sure - I'm not suggesting that there needs to be different territories there in the mechanics of the game, just that you have a 'situation' with possible outcomes of two alternative 'flavours' of revolt or a general dissatisfaction in the noble estate - however that is represented in the game.

Edit to add: the Anglo-Norman revolt would maybe be tougher, but beating it down might bring dissatisfaction among the nobles generally but a grant of Welsh culture as a primary/accepted culture?
That is not the case at all, there was no Anglo-Norman revolt.

There is a clear difference and divide between the Anglo-Norman Lords in Wales and the native Uchelwyr lords who did join Glyndwrs cause, like the Tudur family, precursor to the anglicised Tudor family.

The Anglo-Norman marches didn't revolt in anyway shape or form, the only time it came close to that was the tripartite indenture which was primarily disputes over the rightful claim to the crown, not in anyway driven by sentiment favouring the native Welsh struggle, as the Mortimers would later go on to become the Yorkists during the War of the Roses. The Mortimer lands would revolt but not for the same reason the Welsh did, Mortimer was absolutely thrashed by Glyndwr and the Welsh at the Battle of Bryn Glas, and when the King wouldn't pay his ransom (probably in the hopes of getting rid of another claimant to the throne) he defected and joined Glyndwrs cause.

Mortimer promised in this alliance to abandon his lands in Wales, offering them to Glyndwr if he would be able to get the rump state of England whilst the rest would go to Percy. Likewise Percy defected to Glyndwrs cause as he saw the King as tyrannical, failing militarily due to incompetence, playing favourites and was out to kill Mortimer (who was his brother in law). This was by no means widespread dissatisfaction within the Marches, rather just the foreshadowing of the War of the Roses.

The Anglo-Normans did not revolt, they were the ones charged with suppressing the revolt, Welsh men of all ages and walks of life from their landholdings left their towns and villages and joined roaming bands of Glyndwr's Army in their droves, the Anglo-Normans were short on local manpower to garrison their castles, short on skilled workers, labourers, support etc, King Henry IV had to request that extra provisions and men be sent from England to garrison Caerphilly castle for this very reason.

This could best be seen with the actual reason Mortimer defected, Mortimer himself found it hard to recruit Welshmen to even suppress the Welsh, as the majority of his Welsh forces raised as county levies for the Battle of Bryn Glas were secretly on Glyndwr's side, and as Mortimer attacked uphill towards Glyndwrs forces, his own bowmen turned on him and his men along with another hidden army of Glyndwr's and enveloped all of the remainder Mortimer soldiers.

Welsh culture certainly would not be an accepted culture after the war by any lordships nor the principality, the persecution was rampant, mistreatment of the Welsh was at an all time high (as mentioned in a prior post). It should purely be event flavour in my opinion, the Marcher lords themselves would have no part in supporting Glyndwr and there should be no acceptable Welsh culture in England or the Marches until at least either the rise of the Tudors or the act of union in 1535.

So yeah, no Anglo-Norman resistance, just the Anglo-Normans struggling on their own due to a lack of support from the native Welsh, the only support they really got was from the Royal Expeditions.
 
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The best way I could see it playing out is a series of events which highlight battles and key events in the first 3-5 years of the war amongst those members of the International Organisation representing the Marches signaling the build up to war and representing its early stages.

The marcher lords themselves should have these events portrayed negatively as should England, as they lose their grip and control in their landholdings within Wales before all out war occurs and the French and Bretons get involved too, but the Principality could maybe get events which are neutral, as they would be the tag that the revolt pops out of, annexing much of the marches with the capital in Machynlleth.
 
That is not the case at all, there was no Anglo-Norman revolt.
Yes, of course I realise that was the actual history - but I'm suggesting that the game need not (and, I would argue, should not) be invariably shackled to the history. These games are, at least in part, about exploring 'what ifs'. Anglo-Norman lords joining Glyndwr without some very specific circumstances (such as we see with Mortimer) is not a very plausible branch, but what if the king responds to a Welsh petition and supports them against the Anglo-Normans (before things have escalated to warfare)?

The "two revolts" I'm thinking of are not simultaneous, let alone mutually supporting - they are alternative outcomes depending on how the run-up to the crisis is handled. Under my proposed scheme, the player chooses either to support the Anglo-Norman lords (the default case - leading to Glyndwr's rising), or to get behind Glyndwr/the Welsh in their complaints about Anglo-Norman prejudice and arrogance, leading in turn either to a fudged 'agreement' (with depressed loyaly/disposition on all sides) or to going full beans behind the Welsh and dealing with an Anglo-Norman marcher revolt (which, in turn, damages relations with the rest of your Norman-origin nobility but maybe makes the Welsh culture into an accepted/joint primary one). Basically, give the player the opportunity to choose a non-historical path or two, maybe avoiding having a revolt at all, at a cost.
 
I'm currently working on a completely overhauled map of Ireland, I've redrawn the entire coastline, finished most of the locations in Leinster and I'm looking for suggestions. If anyone has nay locations they think should be added please quote this message, as I might add them to this map. I'm also massively increasing the location density in Ireland to be on par with Britain, so don't worry about the location already being apart of another one. Also if anyone has any 14th century maps or sources, please share them, they would be a huge help.
 
I'm currently working on a completely overhauled map of Ireland, I've redrawn the entire coastline, finished most of the locations in Leinster and I'm looking for suggestions. If anyone has nay locations they think should be added please quote this message, as I might add them to this map. I'm also massively increasing the location density in Ireland to be on par with Britain, so don't worry about the location already being apart of another one. Also if anyone has any 14th century maps or sources, please share them, they would be a huge help.
? Feel like Ireland already had far better province density than the rest of Britain....
 
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? Feel like Ireland already had far better province density than the rest of Britain....
It really doesn't, most of the locations are pretty big and also have huge inaccuracies and frequently don't include the town they're named after. Although Britain also needs a good bit of work.
 
Next, two more regions from the book - Yorkshire/Lincolnshire and East Anglia (Norfolk/Suffolk/Cambridgeshire) provinces: North Riding, West Riding, East Riding, Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk.

Again, this is using information from "The Agrarian Regions of England and Wales". Focus was on Volume IV: 1500 - 1640, but I looked at Volume III - VI.

First, I added five locations:

West Riding - Doncaster
Norfolk - Thetford and Fakenham
Suffolk - Sudbury
Lincolnshire - Sleaford

Justifications:
West Riding - There was no location for the Humberhead Levels. This is a marsh-y area that was mostly in Sheffield, but Sheffield was big enough that it didn't make sense. Also, Sheffield, Leeds, and Beverley were unusually large relative to the surround locations. It made sense to snip those down to size and create a location to represent the unique - relative to the surround locations - region.
Norfolk - The representation for some of the locations did not make sense (Lynn is a major fishing port). Also, there was no barley and this area is famous for malt barley - multiple sources said that the conditions were ideal and/or a particular type of barley was grown. Also, the three locations in Norfolk were amongst the largest in England despite Norfolk being the 2nd most populous area during the time-frame. It made more sense to use similar sized location to neighboring regions, which suggested multiple additional locations. I added two locations to try to fix these issues.
Suffolk - Some of the same for Norfolk. Bury is strangely large. Sudbury was a major town just to the south that allows for a simple split of the location.
Lincolnshire - There was only one valley location - Lincoln. Also, Skegness and Kesteven were on the large size, so I put a valley province between the two.

Next, I renamed three provinces:

-Wakefield was renamed to Bradford. The reason is that Bradford is in the Wakefield region. I chose Bradford because it is further from Leeds. Wakefield, at least on a map, looks like more of a suburb of Leeds. If Wakefield is more important, then I could see reversing that.
-Bradford was renamed to Skipton. As far as I could ascertain, Skipton was the most major town in the region that was originally covered by Bradford.
-Kesteven was renamed to Grantham now that it was split from north Kesteven.

Finally, I changed the boundaries of Northallerton, , Whitby, Scarborough, Lincoln, and Grimsby so that the locations fit the geography better. This made Northallerton and Lincoln better fit the valley regions, while Whitby, Scarborough, and Grimsby better fit the wold regions.

Map:

The locations can be broken down into many types of regions:
1) Pennine Vales or Pennine Hills - Highlands where the main pursuit was sheep/cattle raising.

2) Lowland Valleys in Yorkshire/Lincolnshire - Fertile region of mixed husbandry where it was a tossup whether livestock, sheep or grain was most lucrative.

3) Upland Wolds - Similar to downlands elsewhere in England with more of an emphasis on sheep.

4) Fens - Similar to fen country in other parts of England. Focused on livestock. Drained fens had very fertile soils and could also be areas of specialty crops like fiber crops.

5) Sands and Heaths - Breckland region of light soils with dedicated sheep foldcourses. Acted like downland mixed-husbandry region where sheep manure provided fertilization, except sheep were grazed on foldsources, then folded on arable at night. Sheep were the focus (although one source said the wool was low quality), while the barley produced was famous for beer-making and was even exported to the Low Countries. Lincolnshire sheep is the region famous for wool quality, so I redirected wool to that region and added sturdy grains/barley around Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk.

6) Wood-pasture - Typical wood pasture region where livestock was the focus.

7) Lowland clay - One location in Cambridgeshire is an extension of the lowland clay region from the Home Counties where grains were the principal crop.

Using those definitions, locations can be broken up as follows:
1) Pennine Vales/Pennine Hills:
Richmond - Lead (arkengarthdale and other regions in the yorkshire dales had lead mining)
Skipton - Wool
Leeds - Stone (bramley fall stone)
Bradford - Wool
Sheffield - Coal (coal was mined throughout the period from the south yorkshire coal field that outcrops in barnsley, rotterham, and sheffield).
2) Lowland Valleys:
Northallerton - Horses (horses are mentioned as a specialty in part of the vale of york - close enough)
York - Livestock
Lincoln - Wheat
Sleaford - Wool
3) Wolds/Upland:
Whitby - Alum (important Alum mining region)
Scarborough - Sand? (maybe this is for gameplay purposes - i couldn't find anything special about the sand in this region)
Beverley - Wool
Bridlington - Wool
Grimsby - Wool
Skegness - Wool
Grantham - Wool
4) Fens/Marshland:
Hull - Fish (hull was a major fishing and trading port)
Doncaster - Fiber Crops:
Boston - Fiber Crops
Peterborough - Wool
Cambridge - Clay (ely was a clay and pottery center)
Lynn - Fish (lynn was one of the most important ports in britain with a fishing history)
5) Sands/Heath/Breck:
Fakenham - Sturdy Grains/Barley (northern norfolk is singled out for barley)
Yarmouth - Fish (yarmouth was a major fishing port)
Thetford - Wool
Ipswich - Sturdy Grains/Barley
6) Wood-pasture:
Norwich - Livestock
Lowestoft - Fiber Crops (hemp growing region)
Bury - Lumber (the abbey of bury st edmunds had large woodland estates - there was a timber market in town)
Sudbury - Horses (there was regional horsebreeding as evidenced by the suffolk punch)
7) Clay lowland:
Huntingdon - Sturdy Grains/Barley

Changes:
Richmond - from livestock to lead
Leeds - from wild game to stone
Bradford (was Wakefield) - from stone to wool
Sheffield - from wool to coal
Northallerton - from wool to horses
York - from wheat to livestock
Sleaford - from nothing to wool
Beverley - from livestock to wool
Bridlington - from fiber crops to wool
Skegness - from fish to wool
Grantham (was Kesteven) from livestock to wool
Hull - from wool to fish
Doncaster - from nothing to fiber crops
Boston - from wool to fiber crops
Peterborough - from wheat to wool
Cambridge - from wool to clay
Lynn - from wool to fish
Fakenham - from nothing to sturdy grains/barley
Thetford - from nothing to wool
Ipswich - from wool to sturdy grains/barley
Norwich - from wool to livestock
Bury - from wheat to lumber
Sudbury - from nothing to horses

Justifications:
Richmond - There are plenty of locations with livestock and few with lead.
Leeds and Bradford (Wakefield) - Bramley stone appears to be in Leeds and not in Bradford/Wakefield.
Sheffield - Lots of wool, while there aren't many coal. The only concern that I can think of is perhaps having too much coal. This is only the second coal that I have put in England, which seems fine.
Northallerton - York was singled out as having two regions - a horse breeding region and a dairy region. With lots of wool, it made sense to put the horse breeding region in neighboring Northallerton.
York - From above, the dairy region is represented in York with livestock.
Sleaford - Region was known for "wool trade". Did that mean sheepherding? Hard to say, but when I do these updates, I try to roughly maintain the number of goods. Wool here helps to maintain number of wool locations.
Beverley - Wolds were known more for sheep than livestock.
Bridlington - Wolds were known for sheep. I didn't see any mention of flax/hemp in this region in the book nor with a quick google search.
Skegness and Hull - Based upon a fair bit of research (I tried to get the bottom of this), Hull appears to have been the more significant fishing port. It was definitely the more significant trading port.
Grantham - Upland regions often had wool, so it fit.
Doncaster - Flax/hemp were singled out in the book as thriving in drained fens.
Boston - Same.
Peterborough - Either livestock or wool makes the most sense. Another place known for the "wool trade", so I went with wool to try to maintain the number of wool locations.
Cambridge - Wiki says that Ely has been a center of pottery making for 700 years and that the area is known for clay quarrying.
Lynn - The searches that I did made out King's Lynn to be one of the greatest ports in Britain and that included fishing.
Fakenham - A couple sources supported barley here - one said Fakenham in particular was known for grains, while another said that northern Norfolk was known for barley.
Thetford - I couldn't find anything on Thetford itself, but Swaffham was known for the "wool trade" and I needed another wool.
Ipswich - The book says that Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk were known for their barley, so I wanted a barley in Suffolk. Plus, the Sandlings were supposed to have better soil/require less fertilizer from sheep, so seemed like a reasonable place.
Norwich - Norwich is in the wood-pasture region, so livestock (representing dairy farming) makes more sense than wool.
Bury - I spent sooo much time researching this. The book says that the region was a source for timber (from oak, ash, and hazel trees) that was floated along rivers/coastal vessels. It singles out ash for coopers making herring barrels. The Abbey of Bury St Edmunds having a lot of enclosed woodlands and the town having a timber market were the best source that I could find.
Sudbury - Suffolk punch was bred during the time period and not terribly late (early 16th century according to one source). You don't come up with a specialty breed of horse without some degree of horse-breeding in the region.

And that's it. As with the others, I'll likely do some re-balancing at the end. I'm getting a little burnt out, but only a couple left (excluding Wales). I may not do Wales because this is just taking too much time. We'll see.

Next, three regions - East Midlands, West Midlands, and Cheshire/Lancashire provinces: Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire.

If you are looking at that list and thinking it is a lot - it was. Too many. I got burnt out.

I made some changes this time. In addition to using the "The Agrarian Regions of England and Wales", Volume IV: 1500 - 1640 (with assists from Volumes III - VI), I added the National Character Area Profiles done by Historic England (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Character_Area). These were enormously helpful. I wish I had used them from the start. I'm going to go back and take a quick look through the areas that I have done at the end using the NCAs.

Let me preface this section by saying that I went a different direction than the original Tinto Map. The original maps represent the west of England as kind of desolate. There is lumber everywhere. According to both sources that I used, this is not accurate. Herefordshire is a fertile agrarian area. Shropshire had seen a significant reduction in woodland by the start of the period. Staffordshire was already pre-industrial with iron-working. The northwest had already begun mining coal. Just a lot of changes. It felt like more than any of the other regions that I have done. So, let's jump in:

I added six locations:
Derbyshire - Wirksworth
Staffordshire - Dudley
Shropshire - Bridgnorth
Lancashire - Clitheroe, Blackburn, and Preston (I took a good sized chunk out of West Riding, which according to the maps that I looked at was accurate)

Justifications:
Wirksworth - Lead mining is in two places in Derbyshire - High peak and low peak. High peak is relatively close to Buxton, but low peak is actually not in the current Buxton location. It is in the Derby location. I could have made Buxton bigger, but then it looked rather strange because it took up most of Derbyshire. Also, the lead mining in each location was significant. Combined, it was massive. Britain was one of the leading suppliers of lead and over 50% of the lead production was in this region. Splitting the two divides up the lead deposits into more reasonable sizes.
Dudley - The Staffordshire locations are large and there was no representation for the Black Country. Dudley solves both problems.
Bridgnorth - The Shropshire locations are large and there was no representation for the mining/industry side of Shropshire. Bridgnorth solves both problems.
Preston - The Lancashire locations were large and there was no representation for the early coal industry in the region, which was significant - particularly at Wigan.
Blackburn - The Lancashire locations were large plus I thought the region needed a wool location. There was significant sheep grazing in the Pennines, but my sources all said that Manchester and Lancaster were both livestock areas. Plus, if discovering coal is a thing, then Blackburn is a good candidate as coal mining started up in that area (Burnley) in large quantities during the time period.
Clitheroe - This was to represent the Bowland national forest. I took a large portion of the space out of West Riding. Skipton (from my last update) was on the large side anyway.

Next, I renamed five locations:
-Bosworth was renamed to Loughborough and Loughborough was renamed to Melton. The reason is that I am trying to give representation to geographic regions represented in the NCAs. Charnwood forest was in the Bosworth location, but not near Bosworth. Loughborough was on the border of the locations and was near Charnwood, so a swap made sense. Meanwhile, the current Loughborough location is mostly wolds and I thought that could be represented with Melton. Hopefully, that made sense.
-Renamed Crewe to Nantwich. According to my research, Crewe is a modern town.
-Northampton was renamed to Doventry and Naseby was renamed to Northampton. Similar reason to Bosworth/Loughborough. I wanted to represent the Northamptonshire uplands, which are on the east side of the county. Northampton is on the border between the locations, so I moved it over. Doventry was a reasonable choice for the upland location.

Finally, I changed the boundaries for Kington, Hereford, and Leominster to better fit the NCA regions - upland, lowland, and plateau respectively.

Map:
Western England.png

The locations can be broken down into four broad categories:
1) Fertile valleys, plains, and rolling hills - These were areas of mixed husbandry. Most of the locations are sheep or livestock, but grain was a major component in the raising of the livestock/sheep.

2) Wood-pasture or forest - Wood-pasture mixed wood and pasture where livestock was the focus, while forest was typically more heavily wooded and represents regions that were royal forest.

3) Uplands or wolds - Typically livestock or sheep areas. Uplands had mixed husbandry like the downlands in the southeast, while wolds were poor agricultural regions like the moorlands in the southwest.

4) Marshlands - Drained regions that were typically very fertile and focused on livestock.

Using those definitions, locations can be broken down as follows:
1) Fertile valley/plain/rolling hills:
Manchester - Livestock
Chester - Livestock
Nantwich - Salt
Derby - Livestock
Tamworth - Livestock
Oswestry - Livestock
Hereford - Wheat
Leominster - Fruit
Worcester - Salt
Coventry - Wool
Newark - Livestock
Retford - Livestock
Northampton - Livestock
Leicester - Horses

2) Wood-pasture/forest:
Macclesfield - Wool
Stafford - Lumber
Shrewsbury - Lumber
Kidderminster - Lumber
Birmingham - Livestock
Nottingham - Wild Game
Loughborough - Stone
Corby - Wild Game
Bridgnorth - Iron
Dudley - Coal

3) Upland/wold:
Wirksworth - Lead
Buxton - Lead
Chesterfield - Wool
Stoke - Clay
Ludlow - Lumber
Kington - Livestock
Stratford - Wool
Melton - Wool
Rutland - Wool
Doventry - Wool
Clitheroe - Wild Game
Blackburn - Wool

4) Marsh:
Preston - Coal
Lancaster - Livestock
Liverpool - Fiber Crop

Let me interrupt here before I go over the changes. One of the things that will come up in the changes are replacing wheat with livestock in mixed husbandry areas. I'm just putting what both sources have for the location. If for gameplay purposes there needs to be plenty of sources of wheat, then it makes perfect sense to change it back. From memory, the places that were changed from wheat to livestock were mostly in the very fertile valleys, so it wouldn't be unreasonable to lean into the grain side of the mixed husbandry pairing in those places. However, based upon the sources, that wasn't the case.

Changes:
Wirksworth - from nothing to lead.
Clitheroe - from nothing to wild game.
Preston - from nothing to coal.
Manchester - from wheat to livestock.
Nantwich (was Crewe) - from lumber to salt.
Chesterfield - from marble to wool.
Derby - from wheat to livestock.
Stoke - from lumber to clay.
Ludlow - from medicaments to lumber.
Kington - from wool to livestock.
Hereford - from lumber to wheat.
Leominster - from lumber to fruit.
Worcester - from lumber to salt.
Birmingham - from wool to livestock.
Coventry - from wheat to wool.
Stratford - from livestock to wool.
Nottingham - from wheat to wild game.
Retford - from wool to livestock.
Newark - from wild game to livestock.
Melton (was Loughborough) - from livestock to wool.
Loughborough (was Bosworth) - from wool to stone.
Leicester - from wheat to horses.
Rutland - from wild game to wool.
Northampton (was Naseby) - from wool to livestock.
Bridgnorth - from nothing to iron.
Dudley - from nothing to coal.

Justifications:
Wirksworth - Important lead mining area.
Clitheroe - The region was royal forest.
Preston - There are a lot of locations throughout the region with early coal mining. The wiki says there were actual mines in the Blackburn location around 1550, but Wigan is the more famous area with abundant coal outcropping at surface. I don't have time while typing this up, but I can post some sources if this is controversial.
Manchester - Both the sources say this is a mixed husbandry livestock region.
Nantwich - Nantwich has a lengthy history as a salt mining area.
Chesterfield - Not sure where marble is coming from for this location. Maybe I just missed it. Maybe it represents something in a neighboring location. Marble is not common in Britain. (https://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/shining/shining.htm#:~:text=Historically, the only true marbles,was never a large industry.)
Derby - Another mixed husbandry livestock region according to both sources.
Stoke - Became a world famous pottery location. While this was around the midpoint of the game period, there is evidence that pottery was made earlier and strong evidence for Birmingham (which is nearby).
Ludlow - The only thing that I could find for medicaments was a story about a wisewoman from Shropshire telling William Withering about foxglove. But outside of the fact that the woman was from Shropshire, I don't see what that has to do with Ludlow. Ludlow is not a particularly foxglove friendly growing area. Foxglove grows everywhere. I put lumber in Ludlow because I got rid of a lot of lumber locations and southern Shropshire is an industrial area. There were mines on Clee Hill (coal) and at Stiperstones (lead). The latter was actually an extremely valuable mine, but that wasn't toward the end of the game period. Evidence before that is sketchy. Supposedly the Romans mined for lead there, but early in the game period is more questionable. Depending on how much evidence is needed, this could be another lead location. I went with lumber as a compromise.
Kington - Both sources say livestock instead of wool.
Hereford - Hereford is singled out in both sources as a very fertile agrarian region.
Leominster - Both sources say fruit was grown in Herefordshire. NCA says 14th century for multiple places in the region.
Worcester - Droitwich has a lengthy history as a salt mining area.
Birmingham - Both sources say livestock instead of wool.
Coventry - NCA specifically references Coventry as a sheepherding area. It was in a fertile valley, so likely more mixed husbandry.
Stratford - NCA has wool. Found a source that said that the Cotwolds produced a high percentage of England's wool. I may need to rethink the earlier Cotswolds location (Cheltenham) where I put wheat.
Nottingham and Newark - I have Sherwood forest in Nottingham location, which explains the wild game swap. Newark is in the Trent/Belvoir vales, which is a fertile mixed husbandry livestock region.
Retford - Retford is also in the Trent/Belvoir vale.
Melton - Leicestershire sheep are supposed to only be second to Lincolnshire sheep (according to one source). The wolds of Nottingham/Leicestershire were sheep grazing country.
Loughborough - Charnwood forest is a famous granite quarry.
Leicester - The descriptions in the Agrarian History for Nottingham, Leicestershire, and Northamptonshire all say that there was significant horse breeding. This was the location that I chose to represent it.
Rutland - The royal forest in this location was tiny by this time. This area specialized in sheep herding according to Agrarian History.
Northampton - Livestock region according to both sources.
Bridgnorth - I went down a rabbit hole on this one. Toward the end of the time period, this region became famous as the "Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution". Ironbridge was built here. But what happened earlier in the time period? Here is a source (https://www.namho.org/research/SECTION_5_Iron_20131209.pdf) that specifically calls out the region as an early source (post-medieval, but before 1750) for iron. Also, Dudley (Black Country) was right next door with a history of making iron early in the time period. Presumably, it will take iron to make iron and I have Dudley as a coal location.
Dudley - Another place where large outcrops of coal were mined early in the time period. Again, I can do more research if this is controversial. I researched this a few days ago and recall there being sufficient evidence, but I don't have it at my fingertips.

And that's it. Phew! Pretty burnt out. I've got Northern Counties and Wales left. I think those are a fraction of the size of the previous two groups, so hopefully another couple of days and that will be it. This has been a WAY bigger project than I anticipated when I started, but it has also been really interesting. I've learned an incredible amount about the geography, mining, and agriculture of Britain. Basically, coal was mined in like 2/3 of the country at one time or another. It's incredible. And England was as gifted in lead as it was in tin! I'd heard about tin, but had no idea that the same thing was true of lead.

A major reason for England becoming such an industrial heavyweight is that it had tremendous natural resources. I guess I kind of knew that, but I was still surprised.
 
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Next, three regions - East Midlands, West Midlands, and Cheshire/Lancashire provinces: Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire.

If you are looking at that list and thinking it is a lot - it was. Too many. I got burnt out.

I made some changes this time. In addition to using the "The Agrarian Regions of England and Wales", Volume IV: 1500 - 1640 (with assists from Volumes III - VI), I added the National Character Area Profiles done by Historic England (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Character_Area). These were enormously helpful. I wish I had used them from the start. I'm going to go back and take a quick look through the areas that I have done at the end using the NCAs.

Let me preface this section by saying that I went a different direction than the original Tinto Map. The original maps represent the west of England as kind of desolate. There is lumber everywhere. According to both sources that I used, this is not accurate. Herefordshire is a fertile agrarian area. Shropshire had seen a significant reduction in woodland by the start of the period. Staffordshire was already pre-industrial with iron-working. The northwest had already begun mining coal. Just a lot of changes. It felt like more than any of the other regions that I have done. So, let's jump in:

I added six locations:
Derbyshire - Wirksworth
Staffordshire - Dudley
Shropshire - Bridgnorth
Lancashire - Clitheroe, Blackburn, and Preston (I took a good sized chunk out of West Riding, which according to the maps that I looked at was accurate)

Justifications:
Wirksworth - Lead mining is in two places in Derbyshire - High peak and low peak. High peak is relatively close to Buxton, but low peak is actually not in the current Buxton location. It is in the Derby location. I could have made Buxton bigger, but then it looked rather strange because it took up most of Derbyshire. Also, the lead mining in each location was significant. Combined, it was massive. Britain was one of the leading suppliers of lead and over 50% of the lead production was in this region. Splitting the two divides up the lead deposits into more reasonable sizes.
Dudley - The Staffordshire locations are large and there was no representation for the Black Country. Dudley solves both problems.
Bridgnorth - The Shropshire locations are large and there was no representation for the mining/industry side of Shropshire. Bridgnorth solves both problems.
Preston - The Lancashire locations were large and there was no representation for the early coal industry in the region, which was significant - particularly at Wigan.
Blackburn - The Lancashire locations were large plus I thought the region needed a wool location. There was significant sheep grazing in the Pennines, but my sources all said that Manchester and Lancaster were both livestock areas. Plus, if discovering coal is a thing, then Blackburn is a good candidate as coal mining started up in that area (Burnley) in large quantities during the time period.
Clitheroe - This was to represent the Bowland national forest. I took a large portion of the space out of West Riding. Skipton (from my last update) was on the large side anyway.

Next, I renamed five locations:
-Bosworth was renamed to Loughborough and Loughborough was renamed to Melton. The reason is that I am trying to give representation to geographic regions represented in the NCAs. Charnwood forest was in the Bosworth location, but not near Bosworth. Loughborough was on the border of the locations and was near Charnwood, so a swap made sense. Meanwhile, the current Loughborough location is mostly wolds and I thought that could be represented with Melton. Hopefully, that made sense.
-Renamed Crewe to Nantwich. According to my research, Crewe is a modern town.
-Northampton was renamed to Doventry and Naseby was renamed to Northampton. Similar reason to Bosworth/Loughborough. I wanted to represent the Northamptonshire uplands, which are on the east side of the county. Northampton is on the border between the locations, so I moved it over. Doventry was a reasonable choice for the upland location.

Finally, I changed the boundaries for Kington, Hereford, and Leominster to better fit the NCA regions - upland, lowland, and plateau respectively.

Map:

The locations can be broken down into four broad categories:
1) Fertile valleys, plains, and rolling hills - These were areas of mixed husbandry. Most of the locations are sheep or livestock, but grain was a major component in the raising of the livestock/sheep.

2) Wood-pasture or forest - Wood-pasture mixed wood and pasture where livestock was the focus, while forest was typically more heavily wooded and represents regions that were royal forest.

3) Uplands or wolds - Typically livestock or sheep areas. Uplands had mixed husbandry like the downlands in the southeast, while wolds were poor agricultural regions like the moorlands in the southwest.

4) Marshlands - Drained regions that were typically very fertile and focused on livestock.

Using those definitions, locations can be broken down as follows:
1) Fertile valley/plain/rolling hills:
Manchester - Livestock
Chester - Livestock
Nantwich - Salt
Derby - Livestock
Tamworth - Livestock
Oswestry - Livestock
Hereford - Wheat
Leominster - Fruit
Worcester - Salt
Coventry - Wool
Newark - Livestock
Retford - Livestock
Northampton - Livestock
Leicester - Horses

2) Wood-pasture/forest:
Macclesfield - Wool
Stafford - Lumber
Shrewsbury - Lumber
Kidderminster - Lumber
Birmingham - Livestock
Nottingham - Wild Game
Loughborough - Stone
Corby - Wild Game
Bridgnorth - Iron
Dudley - Coal

3) Upland/wold:
Wirksworth - Lead
Buxton - Lead
Chesterfield - Wool
Stoke - Clay
Ludlow - Lumber
Kington - Livestock
Stratford - Wool
Melton - Wool
Rutland - Wool
Doventry - Wool
Clitheroe - Wild Game
Blackburn - Wool

4) Marsh:
Preston - Coal
Lancaster - Livestock
Liverpool - Fiber Crop

Let me interrupt here before I go over the changes. One of the things that will come up in the changes are replacing wheat with livestock in mixed husbandry areas. I'm just putting what both sources have for the location. If for gameplay purposes there needs to be plenty of sources of wheat, then it makes perfect sense to change it back. From memory, the places that were changed from wheat to livestock were mostly in the very fertile valleys, so it wouldn't be unreasonable to lean into the grain side of the mixed husbandry pairing in those places. However, based upon the sources, that wasn't the case.

Changes:
Wirksworth - from nothing to lead.
Clitheroe - from nothing to wild game.
Preston - from nothing to coal.
Manchester - from wheat to livestock.
Nantwich (was Crewe) - from lumber to salt.
Chesterfield - from marble to wool.
Derby - from wheat to livestock.
Stoke - from lumber to clay.
Ludlow - from medicaments to lumber.
Kington - from wool to livestock.
Hereford - from lumber to wheat.
Leominster - from lumber to fruit.
Worcester - from lumber to salt.
Birmingham - from wool to livestock.
Coventry - from wheat to wool.
Stratford - from livestock to wool.
Nottingham - from wheat to wild game.
Retford - from wool to livestock.
Newark - from wild game to livestock.
Melton (was Loughborough) - from livestock to wool.
Loughborough (was Bosworth) - from wool to stone.
Leicester - from wheat to horses.
Rutland - from wild game to wool.
Northampton (was Naseby) - from wool to livestock.
Bridgnorth - from nothing to iron.
Dudley - from nothing to coal.

Justifications:
Wirksworth - Important lead mining area.
Clitheroe - The region was royal forest.
Preston - There are a lot of locations throughout the region with early coal mining. The wiki says there were actual mines in the Blackburn location around 1550, but Wigan is the more famous area with abundant coal outcropping at surface. I don't have time while typing this up, but I can post some sources if this is controversial.
Manchester - Both the sources say this is a mixed husbandry livestock region.
Nantwich - Nantwich has a lengthy history as a salt mining area.
Chesterfield - Not sure where marble is coming from for this location. Maybe I just missed it. Maybe it represents something in a neighboring location. Marble is not common in Britain. (https://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/shining/shining.htm#:~:text=Historically, the only true marbles,was never a large industry.)
Derby - Another mixed husbandry livestock region according to both sources.
Stoke - Became a world famous pottery location. While this was around the midpoint of the game period, there is evidence that pottery was made earlier and strong evidence for Birmingham (which is nearby).
Ludlow - The only thing that I could find for medicaments was a story about a wisewoman from Shropshire telling William Withering about foxglove. But outside of the fact that the woman was from Shropshire, I don't see what that has to do with Ludlow. Ludlow is not a particularly foxglove friendly growing area. Foxglove grows everywhere. I put lumber in Ludlow because I got rid of a lot of lumber locations and southern Shropshire is an industrial area. There were mines on Clee Hill (coal) and at Stiperstones (lead). The latter was actually an extremely valuable mine, but that wasn't toward the end of the game period. Evidence before that is sketchy. Supposedly the Romans mined for lead there, but early in the game period is more questionable. Depending on how much evidence is needed, this could be another lead location. I went with lumber as a compromise.
Kington - Both sources say livestock instead of wool.
Hereford - Hereford is singled out in both sources as a very fertile agrarian region.
Leominster - Both sources say fruit was grown in Herefordshire. NCA says 14th century for multiple places in the region.
Worcester - Droitwich has a lengthy history as a salt mining area.
Birmingham - Both sources say livestock instead of wool.
Coventry - NCA specifically references Coventry as a sheepherding area. It was in a fertile valley, so likely more mixed husbandry.
Stratford - NCA has wool. Found a source that said that the Cotwolds produced a high percentage of England's wool. I may need to rethink the earlier Cotswolds location (Cheltenham) where I put wheat.
Nottingham and Newark - I have Sherwood forest in Nottingham location, which explains the wild game swap. Newark is in the Trent/Belvoir vales, which is a fertile mixed husbandry livestock region.
Retford - Retford is also in the Trent/Belvoir vale.
Melton - Leicestershire sheep are supposed to only be second to Lincolnshire sheep (according to one source). The wolds of Nottingham/Leicestershire were sheep grazing country.
Loughborough - Charnwood forest is a famous granite quarry.
Leicester - The descriptions in the Agrarian History for Nottingham, Leicestershire, and Northamptonshire all say that there was significant horse breeding. This was the location that I chose to represent it.
Rutland - The royal forest in this location was tiny by this time. This area specialized in sheep herding according to Agrarian History.
Northampton - Livestock region according to both sources.
Bridgnorth - I went down a rabbit hole on this one. Toward the end of the time period, this region became famous as the "Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution". Ironbridge was built here. But what happened earlier in the time period? Here is a source (https://www.namho.org/research/SECTION_5_Iron_20131209.pdf) that specifically calls out the region as an early source (post-medieval, but before 1750) for iron. Also, Dudley (Black Country) was right next door with a history of making iron early in the time period. Presumably, it will take iron to make iron and I have Dudley as a coal location.
Dudley - Another place where large outcrops of coal were mined early in the time period. Again, I can do more research if this is controversial. I researched this a few days ago and recall there being sufficient evidence, but I don't have it at my fingertips.

And that's it. Phew! Pretty burnt out. I've got Northern Counties and Wales left. I think those are a fraction of the size of the previous two groups, so hopefully another couple of days and that will be it. This has been a WAY bigger project than I anticipated when I started, but it has also been really interesting. I've learned an incredible amount about the geography, mining, and agriculture of Britain. Basically, coal was mined in like 2/3 of the country at one time or another. It's incredible. And England was as gifted in lead as it was in tin! I'd heard about tin, but had no idea that the same thing was true of lead.

A major reason for England becoming such an industrial heavyweight is that it had tremendous natural resources. I guess I kind of knew that, but I was still surprised.

One point of clarification that I meant to make above, but forgot.

The standard that I have used for whether a mining good should be in a place is:
1) There is an awareness that the good existed early in the time period or before (say 14th century). For example, there are "bell pits" levels of mining. If this were the only standard, then there might be a dozen coal goods in Britain. There are bell pits levels of coal mining just about everywhere. So, I added...
2) More than bell pits level of mining started before the midpoint of the game period. So, there were mining shafts or mining drifts ... something that suggests an appreciable amount. Basically, I got the impression that there was more than one or two guys with a wheelbarrow.

If the standard is only level #1 - like the goal is to add as many mining locations as possible - then I could probably double the number of mining locations that I have put so far. I've been trying to aim for the more limited side because I didn't want half of Britain covered in mining locations. But maybe that would be a good thing. A lot of natural resource potential might make Britain more likely to be a strong country, compete with France, etc.

I can provide a larger list of places that meet standard #1, then let you guys decide what the appropriate game balance would be. If I have time, I'll do that. It isn't hard to research. Usually something like "shropshire coal mining history" will get it to pop right up.

This image comes up regularly when researching coal mines in Britain. It puts into context the number of locations that *might* have coal. Some of these were deeper deposits and didn't have any type of coal mining until the 17th century, but not most of them. If the standard is just bell pit level coal mines, then this is roughly how many coal locations there should be in Britain/Wales.

1720618643178.png
 
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Quick "half-assed" update on Wales.

I have decided to punt on Wales until after the Tinto Map is updated. That is because of a combination of a) there are potentially a lot of Wales locations to do (more on that in a second), b) I have run out of gas, c) I couldn't find as good a source on the NCAs, and d) the Agrarian History doesn't go into as much depth on Wales. Long story short, the Wales locations require a roll up the sleeves and dig into website approach that is super time-consuming and I am not interested in doing that right now.

I did come up with some map options. Before I get into the options, my two main sources were a Wales variation on the NCAs and a topographical map of Wales. Here they are:

Wales NLCA.png

Wals topographical.png

With that out of the way, there are two main options for Wales because of the highland/mountain regions. You either divide up the highland/mountain regions into the neighboring locations or you give the highland/mountain regions their own location. I mocked up both. I did put some impassable terrain into the divided up version. Someone who knows more can say whether that is appropriate or not. If inappropriate, just ignore it.

FYI - The highland/mountain locations are 6, 21, and 30 from the NCLA map in the spoiler above.

Version 1 - Divided up:
Wales 4.png

Version 2 - Highland/Mountain locations (yes, I didn't name the highland/mountain locations):
Wales 3.png

Next, the Agrarian History book does have a map that breaks up the regions into mixed husbandry vs pastoral. I'll link the map when I have time. For now, here is the breakdown.

Mixed-husbandry:
Anglesey
Wrexham
Denbigh
Conwy
Llyn
Cardigan
Fishguard
Pembroke
Carmarthan
Llandielo
Swansea
Caerphilly (borderline)
Cardiff
Newport
Monmouth
Llangollen
Montgomery
Brecknock

Pastoral:
Caernarfon
Harlech
Llanegryn
Aberystwyth
New Quay
Merthyr
Caerphilly (borderline)
Plus the highland/mountain locations, if those are used.

Hopefully, that is useful. I'm not opposed to looking at Wales, but it will have to wait until I've taken a lengthy break.

I am going to try and bang out the North Counties tomorrow, then that will be it until after Paradox does an update.
 
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Next, three regions - East Midlands, West Midlands, and Cheshire/Lancashire provinces: Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire.

If you are looking at that list and thinking it is a lot - it was. Too many. I got burnt out.

I made some changes this time. In addition to using the "The Agrarian Regions of England and Wales", Volume IV: 1500 - 1640 (with assists from Volumes III - VI), I added the National Character Area Profiles done by Historic England (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Character_Area). These were enormously helpful. I wish I had used them from the start. I'm going to go back and take a quick look through the areas that I have done at the end using the NCAs.

Let me preface this section by saying that I went a different direction than the original Tinto Map. The original maps represent the west of England as kind of desolate. There is lumber everywhere. According to both sources that I used, this is not accurate. Herefordshire is a fertile agrarian area. Shropshire had seen a significant reduction in woodland by the start of the period. Staffordshire was already pre-industrial with iron-working. The northwest had already begun mining coal. Just a lot of changes. It felt like more than any of the other regions that I have done. So, let's jump in:

I added six locations:
Derbyshire - Wirksworth
Staffordshire - Dudley
Shropshire - Bridgnorth
Lancashire - Clitheroe, Blackburn, and Preston (I took a good sized chunk out of West Riding, which according to the maps that I looked at was accurate)

Justifications:
Wirksworth - Lead mining is in two places in Derbyshire - High peak and low peak. High peak is relatively close to Buxton, but low peak is actually not in the current Buxton location. It is in the Derby location. I could have made Buxton bigger, but then it looked rather strange because it took up most of Derbyshire. Also, the lead mining in each location was significant. Combined, it was massive. Britain was one of the leading suppliers of lead and over 50% of the lead production was in this region. Splitting the two divides up the lead deposits into more reasonable sizes.
Dudley - The Staffordshire locations are large and there was no representation for the Black Country. Dudley solves both problems.
Bridgnorth - The Shropshire locations are large and there was no representation for the mining/industry side of Shropshire. Bridgnorth solves both problems.
Preston - The Lancashire locations were large and there was no representation for the early coal industry in the region, which was significant - particularly at Wigan.
Blackburn - The Lancashire locations were large plus I thought the region needed a wool location. There was significant sheep grazing in the Pennines, but my sources all said that Manchester and Lancaster were both livestock areas. Plus, if discovering coal is a thing, then Blackburn is a good candidate as coal mining started up in that area (Burnley) in large quantities during the time period.
Clitheroe - This was to represent the Bowland national forest. I took a large portion of the space out of West Riding. Skipton (from my last update) was on the large side anyway.

Next, I renamed five locations:
-Bosworth was renamed to Loughborough and Loughborough was renamed to Melton. The reason is that I am trying to give representation to geographic regions represented in the NCAs. Charnwood forest was in the Bosworth location, but not near Bosworth. Loughborough was on the border of the locations and was near Charnwood, so a swap made sense. Meanwhile, the current Loughborough location is mostly wolds and I thought that could be represented with Melton. Hopefully, that made sense.
-Renamed Crewe to Nantwich. According to my research, Crewe is a modern town.
-Northampton was renamed to Doventry and Naseby was renamed to Northampton. Similar reason to Bosworth/Loughborough. I wanted to represent the Northamptonshire uplands, which are on the east side of the county. Northampton is on the border between the locations, so I moved it over. Doventry was a reasonable choice for the upland location.

Finally, I changed the boundaries for Kington, Hereford, and Leominster to better fit the NCA regions - upland, lowland, and plateau respectively.

Map:

The locations can be broken down into four broad categories:
1) Fertile valleys, plains, and rolling hills - These were areas of mixed husbandry. Most of the locations are sheep or livestock, but grain was a major component in the raising of the livestock/sheep.

2) Wood-pasture or forest - Wood-pasture mixed wood and pasture where livestock was the focus, while forest was typically more heavily wooded and represents regions that were royal forest.

3) Uplands or wolds - Typically livestock or sheep areas. Uplands had mixed husbandry like the downlands in the southeast, while wolds were poor agricultural regions like the moorlands in the southwest.

4) Marshlands - Drained regions that were typically very fertile and focused on livestock.

Using those definitions, locations can be broken down as follows:
1) Fertile valley/plain/rolling hills:
Manchester - Livestock
Chester - Livestock
Nantwich - Salt
Derby - Livestock
Tamworth - Livestock
Oswestry - Livestock
Hereford - Wheat
Leominster - Fruit
Worcester - Salt
Coventry - Wool
Newark - Livestock
Retford - Livestock
Northampton - Livestock
Leicester - Horses

2) Wood-pasture/forest:
Macclesfield - Wool
Stafford - Lumber
Shrewsbury - Lumber
Kidderminster - Lumber
Birmingham - Livestock
Nottingham - Wild Game
Loughborough - Stone
Corby - Wild Game
Bridgnorth - Iron
Dudley - Coal

3) Upland/wold:
Wirksworth - Lead
Buxton - Lead
Chesterfield - Wool
Stoke - Clay
Ludlow - Lumber
Kington - Livestock
Stratford - Wool
Melton - Wool
Rutland - Wool
Doventry - Wool
Clitheroe - Wild Game
Blackburn - Wool

4) Marsh:
Preston - Coal
Lancaster - Livestock
Liverpool - Fiber Crop

Let me interrupt here before I go over the changes. One of the things that will come up in the changes are replacing wheat with livestock in mixed husbandry areas. I'm just putting what both sources have for the location. If for gameplay purposes there needs to be plenty of sources of wheat, then it makes perfect sense to change it back. From memory, the places that were changed from wheat to livestock were mostly in the very fertile valleys, so it wouldn't be unreasonable to lean into the grain side of the mixed husbandry pairing in those places. However, based upon the sources, that wasn't the case.

Changes:
Wirksworth - from nothing to lead.
Clitheroe - from nothing to wild game.
Preston - from nothing to coal.
Manchester - from wheat to livestock.
Nantwich (was Crewe) - from lumber to salt.
Chesterfield - from marble to wool.
Derby - from wheat to livestock.
Stoke - from lumber to clay.
Ludlow - from medicaments to lumber.
Kington - from wool to livestock.
Hereford - from lumber to wheat.
Leominster - from lumber to fruit.
Worcester - from lumber to salt.
Birmingham - from wool to livestock.
Coventry - from wheat to wool.
Stratford - from livestock to wool.
Nottingham - from wheat to wild game.
Retford - from wool to livestock.
Newark - from wild game to livestock.
Melton (was Loughborough) - from livestock to wool.
Loughborough (was Bosworth) - from wool to stone.
Leicester - from wheat to horses.
Rutland - from wild game to wool.
Northampton (was Naseby) - from wool to livestock.
Bridgnorth - from nothing to iron.
Dudley - from nothing to coal.

Justifications:
Wirksworth - Important lead mining area.
Clitheroe - The region was royal forest.
Preston - There are a lot of locations throughout the region with early coal mining. The wiki says there were actual mines in the Blackburn location around 1550, but Wigan is the more famous area with abundant coal outcropping at surface. I don't have time while typing this up, but I can post some sources if this is controversial.
Manchester - Both the sources say this is a mixed husbandry livestock region.
Nantwich - Nantwich has a lengthy history as a salt mining area.
Chesterfield - Not sure where marble is coming from for this location. Maybe I just missed it. Maybe it represents something in a neighboring location. Marble is not common in Britain. (https://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/shining/shining.htm#:~:text=Historically, the only true marbles,was never a large industry.)
Derby - Another mixed husbandry livestock region according to both sources.
Stoke - Became a world famous pottery location. While this was around the midpoint of the game period, there is evidence that pottery was made earlier and strong evidence for Birmingham (which is nearby).
Ludlow - The only thing that I could find for medicaments was a story about a wisewoman from Shropshire telling William Withering about foxglove. But outside of the fact that the woman was from Shropshire, I don't see what that has to do with Ludlow. Ludlow is not a particularly foxglove friendly growing area. Foxglove grows everywhere. I put lumber in Ludlow because I got rid of a lot of lumber locations and southern Shropshire is an industrial area. There were mines on Clee Hill (coal) and at Stiperstones (lead). The latter was actually an extremely valuable mine, but that wasn't toward the end of the game period. Evidence before that is sketchy. Supposedly the Romans mined for lead there, but early in the game period is more questionable. Depending on how much evidence is needed, this could be another lead location. I went with lumber as a compromise.
Kington - Both sources say livestock instead of wool.
Hereford - Hereford is singled out in both sources as a very fertile agrarian region.
Leominster - Both sources say fruit was grown in Herefordshire. NCA says 14th century for multiple places in the region.
Worcester - Droitwich has a lengthy history as a salt mining area.
Birmingham - Both sources say livestock instead of wool.
Coventry - NCA specifically references Coventry as a sheepherding area. It was in a fertile valley, so likely more mixed husbandry.
Stratford - NCA has wool. Found a source that said that the Cotwolds produced a high percentage of England's wool. I may need to rethink the earlier Cotswolds location (Cheltenham) where I put wheat.
Nottingham and Newark - I have Sherwood forest in Nottingham location, which explains the wild game swap. Newark is in the Trent/Belvoir vales, which is a fertile mixed husbandry livestock region.
Retford - Retford is also in the Trent/Belvoir vale.
Melton - Leicestershire sheep are supposed to only be second to Lincolnshire sheep (according to one source). The wolds of Nottingham/Leicestershire were sheep grazing country.
Loughborough - Charnwood forest is a famous granite quarry.
Leicester - The descriptions in the Agrarian History for Nottingham, Leicestershire, and Northamptonshire all say that there was significant horse breeding. This was the location that I chose to represent it.
Rutland - The royal forest in this location was tiny by this time. This area specialized in sheep herding according to Agrarian History.
Northampton - Livestock region according to both sources.
Bridgnorth - I went down a rabbit hole on this one. Toward the end of the time period, this region became famous as the "Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution". Ironbridge was built here. But what happened earlier in the time period? Here is a source (https://www.namho.org/research/SECTION_5_Iron_20131209.pdf) that specifically calls out the region as an early source (post-medieval, but before 1750) for iron. Also, Dudley (Black Country) was right next door with a history of making iron early in the time period. Presumably, it will take iron to make iron and I have Dudley as a coal location.
Dudley - Another place where large outcrops of coal were mined early in the time period. Again, I can do more research if this is controversial. I researched this a few days ago and recall there being sufficient evidence, but I don't have it at my fingertips.

And that's it. Phew! Pretty burnt out. I've got Northern Counties and Wales left. I think those are a fraction of the size of the previous two groups, so hopefully another couple of days and that will be it. This has been a WAY bigger project than I anticipated when I started, but it has also been really interesting. I've learned an incredible amount about the geography, mining, and agriculture of Britain. Basically, coal was mined in like 2/3 of the country at one time or another. It's incredible. And England was as gifted in lead as it was in tin! I'd heard about tin, but had no idea that the same thing was true of lead.

A major reason for England becoming such an industrial heavyweight is that it had tremendous natural resources. I guess I kind of knew that, but I was still surprised.

Last one, North Counties provinces - Westmorland, Cumberland, Durham, and Northumberland.

Again, using "The Agrarian Regions of England and Wales", Volume IV: 1500 - 1640 (with assists from Volumes III - VI) and the National Character Area (NCAs) profiles done by Historic England (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Character_Area).

I added five locations.
Westmoreland - Furness
Cumberland - Penrith
Durham - Barnard
Northumberland - Redesdale and Wooler

Justification:
(in all of these cases, the original locations were on the large side, so there was room to add additional locations)
Furness - Furness was a major industrial area with significant amounts of iron mining/iron production. It was also its own county.
Penrith - Keswick was in the wrong spot, so this is really adding Keswick (Penrith replaced Keswick's old location). The new Keswick location represents the major mining region of Cumbria where a bunch of different minerals were produced.
Barnard - The southern side of the northern Pennines had significant lead deposits at Teesdale and Weardale. Barnard gives this region a location.
Redesdale - The border moors/forests were originally not represented. Redesdale gives them representation.
Wooler - The Cheviots were originally not represented. Wooler gives them representation.

Name changes:
Penrith and Keswick - Already mentioned above, but I moved Keswich to the Cumbria Fells where it is located and replaced it with Penrith, which is in the Eden Valley where Keswich was originally.

Map:
Northern Counties locations.png

The locations are broadly split into two categories:
Lowlands - Typically more fertile where mixed-husbandry was practiced.

Highlands - Typically less fertile where pastoral agriculture was practiced.

Using those definitions:

1) Lowlands:
Kendal - Stone
Cockermouth - Wool
Carlisle - Fish
Alnwick - Fish
Newcastle - Coal
Durham - Coal
Darlington - Stone
Stockton - Livestock
Penrith - Wild Game
Berwick - Wheat
2) Highlands:
Appleby - Wool
Keswick - Copper
Hexham - Silver
Furness - Iron
Barnard - Lead
Redesdale - Wild Game
Woolen - Wool

Changes:
Kendal - from horses to stone.
Alnwick - from wool to fish.
Newcastle - from fish to coal.
Durham - from horses to coal.
Darlington - from livestock to stone.
Stockton - from wool to livestock.
Penrith (was Keswick) - from stone to wild game.
Appleby - from wild game to livestock.
Keswick - from nothing to copper.
Hexham - from coal to silver.
Furness - from nothing to iron.
Barnard - from nothing to lead.
Redesdale - from nothing to wild game.
Woolen - from nothing to wool.

Justifications:
Kendal, Appleby, and Penrith - These are mostly just swapping locations. The Inglewood royal forest was in the Eden Valley, so it makes sense for Penrith to have the wild game. A famous limestone was quarried in the Cumbria Fell, which Kendal includes - also, a quarry was singled out as north of Kendal. Finally, Appleby ends up switching from wool to livestock. According to the sources that I use, the Appleby region was a livestock region rather than a sheep region.
Newcastle - My research suggested that the early coal mines were around the city itself. Newcastle represents the Northumberland coal field.
Alnwick - I moved the fish that was in Newcastle up to Alnwick. Alnmouth, which is downriver at the coast, mentioned multiple times that it was a fishing area.
Durham - Early coal was also mined in the Durham area. In addition, the shear amount of coal exported from the region justifies multiple locations. Durham represents the Durham coal field.
Darlington - The location for Darlington now encompasses a region that the NCA describes as having significant extractive industries with coal, ironstone, limestone, and sand. I searched quite a bit and I could not any justification for ironstone. I thought two locations were enough for the coal. That left the limestone. Darlington itself is actually in the "Magnesian Limestone Plateau", so it seemed a good fit.
Stockton - The Agrarian History book singled this out as a livestock region.
Keswick - My criteria for a mining location is that there needed to be awareness of the deposit/small scale mining at game start - copper was mined in the area since Roman times - and there must be significant mining production in the first half of the game period. The Goldscope mine was built in the 1564, which met that standard. Germans were brought in to build the mine and were supposedly impressed with the quality of the deposit.
Hexham - The northern Pennines had very significant lead deposits. The deposits on the northern portion (near Alston) had high amounts of silver, which was a by-product of lead mining. Some sources said the ore was actually mined for the silver rather than the lead. The silver was processed and turned into coinage at Carlisle.
Furness - Furness is famous for its iron mines / iron production.
Barnard - The southern part of the northern Pennines also had large lead deposits at Teesdale and Weardale. Lead at Barnard represents those deposits.
Redesdale - The NCA says Redesdale was used for hunting.
Woolen - The NCA says commercial levels of sheep herding started around 1550.

Okay. That is it. I may followup on some odds and ends (I want to go back through the NCAs for some of the regions that I have done), but I don't intend to do much more before the Paradox update.

P.S. I discovered while trying to verify the Redesdale good information that Elsdon is the medieval/early modern town for the region. That is probably a better name.
 
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I was goofing around looking at National Character Area maps, as one does, and made something that I think is really cool.

NCA Map SE England.png

What is this thing? It is a regional National Character Area (NCA) map. I went through and read the NCAs and put the goods that were mentioned in the NCA on the map. This is not an exhaustive list, obviously. Lumber is not included in any of the forest areas. Sussex marble is in the Kent part of the Weald, but isn't listed. And so on.

Ideally, I think you'd want some representation for the more prominent goods on the map somewhere in each of the provinces. Ideally.

Some clarifications:
I put Wheat and Wool in the places that had a corn - sheep economy. The order was based upon my guess as far as which one was primary.

I put Stone in for the High Weald, but technically it said "quarrying". I guess that could have meant sussex marble, but my guess is it meant stone.

I put Barley in the places where there were hops or "crops supporting malting and brewing". Barley was a stand in for Sturdy Grains, which is too long a name (it didn't fit well on the map).

Inner London didn't have any goods, but did say market gardens with urban goods in support of the market - dairy, fruit, etc. Not sure whether that counts, but better than nothing. Thomas Basin Lowlands didn't have any goods information at all.

I think that is it. It would be interesting to ask a Paradox person whether this is more or less helpful than what I was doing before. I kinda think this is more useful, but maybe not. If nothing else, it could be used for a quick comparison with the final goods map.

Also, here are the maps that I used from the Agrarian History, Volume IV. This isn't all that is in the book. There are also lengthy write-ups in the book for each of the regions, but there is no way to share that information.

England:
20240713_082251.jpg

Wales:
20240713_082314.jpg
 
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Hey guys, this is a thread of further maps based on hellfirematt's Scotland Location Adjustments, displayed directly below:
(some other links to suggested changes to Scotland are collected at the bottom of this post)
hellfirematt scotland.png

hellfirematt's location map is in my opinion the best.

Scotland Province Map
scotland provinces.png

I mostly based this off of what hellfirematt described with some minor changes such as the introduction of Stirlingshire.

Scotland Area Map
scotland areas - Copy.png

This one isn't great as the provinces don't facilitate a more accurate depiction of the Scottish Highlands, Lowlands and Uplands. But Paradox should definitely include Aberdeen into the Lowlands and I would like to see the introduction of the Uplands.

Scotland Cultures Map
scotland cultures.png

Sorry for the shoddy lines on this one.
I introduced Norn/Nornish to replace Norwegian in the North to show it is a distinct language and culture.
Renamed Norse-Gael to Gallgael/Galgael in an attempt to avoid dashes/overly-academic, non-immersive naming.
Renamed Highlander to Gaelic so that it makes more sense outside of the Highlands.



Links to Other Scotland Suggestions: (Unfortunately I have learned I can not post links as I have not gotten past a threshold to pass anti-spam)
slupie's Scotland Countries Suggestions - Balkanising Scotland, adding multiple vassals.
endersaim's Scotland Vegetation Suggestion - Addition of the temperate rainforests in Scotland.
Katana500's Orkney Tag and Norn Culture Suggestions
Vispian's British Isles' Populations Suggestions
Batcats' Location Suggestions & Countries Suggestions - Even more possible locations for Scotland.
SulphurAeron's Vegetation Suggestions - Representation of Scottish marshes/peatlands.
 
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In case anyone wanted the links (@lWhytel please let me know if I have gotten any of them wrong):
Vispian's British Isles' Populations Suggestions
Great post, hopefully we get some of the changes implemented!

btw you linked to my specific reply comment on Welsh population

here is the link to the main population comment for the whole of the British Isles
 
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Has all of this been posted in the Britain Tinto Map thread? That's where the devs want the feedback to be. ;)
 
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