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Tinto Maps #6 - 14th of June 2024 - Great Britain & Ireland

Hello everyone. @Pavía and the rest of the Content Design team are busy working on the feedback for the previous Tinto Maps, so I'm standing in for this week.

I'm @SaintDaveUK, some of you might have seen me here and there on the forums, but the long story short is that I work on a very secret game whose name I am contractually obligated to redact. That's right, it's ███████ ██████!

This week you get a double-whammy, mostly because it’s really hard to show Britain on its own on a screenshot. Partly to side-step the “British Isles” naming controversy, but mainly because the gameplay of them both is so different, this part of Europa is divided into 2 distinct regions: Great Britain and Ireland.

Climate​

The mild Oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) dominates the isles. Where it cools towards the inland Pennines and the Scottish Highlands (Köppen Cfc), we represent it with the wintry and dreich Continental climate.

climate.jpg




Topography​

The isles are dominated by green and pleasant flatlands and low rolling hills, the peripheries punctuated by rocky mountains and craggy highlands.

We would like to add some more impassable locations in northern England and the Scottish borders to make manoeuvres a little more interesting and strategic, but would like suggestions from people more familiar with the Pennines.

[Edit: 16 June added the missing map]

topography.JPG


Vegetation​

The great moors, bogs, and fens are represented by Sparse vegetation, meanwhile much of the land is still wooded.

vegetation.jpg




Raw Materials​

The raw goods situation aims to reflect the economic reality of medieval Britain. Shepherding was common on every corner of the islands, a lot of the wool produced was sold to the industrial hub of the Low Countries to be manufactured into cloth, which was in turn sold back to British markets.

The further north-west we go, the less fertile the terrain, and as such the greater reliance on pastoral farming such as livestock over wheat. The western hills and valleys also expose a greater number of mineral delights, including the historic stannary mines of Devon and Cornwall.

raw_materials.jpg




Markets​

As you can see the two starting markets are London and Dublin. Aside from London we could have chosen almost any town, from Aberdeen to Bristol. We chose Dublin as it was the main trade centre in Ireland, and also because it handsomely splits the isles to the East and West of the Pennines, demonstrating the impact that terrain can have on dynamic Market attraction.

They are both shades of red because they are coloured after the market centre’s top overlord country – market control is a viable playstyle and we like to think of it as a form of map painting for countries not focused on traditional conquest routes.

market.jpg




Culture​

We have decided to go with a monolithic English culture. We could have forced the introduction of a second Northumbrian or even third Mercian culture, but typically they were not really considered separate peoples. The English, though diverse in origin and with a variety of dialects, had already begun to coalesce in the face of the Viking invasions hundreds of years before.

Scotland, conversely, is a real porridge of cultures. The Lowland Scots (who speak a dialect of Northumbrian English that later develops into the Scots language) dominate their kingdom from their wealthy burghs, and are gradually encroaching onto the pastoral lands of the Gaelic Highlanders. The Norse-Gaelic clansmen watch from the Western Isles, with some old settlements remaining around Galloway. The far north, ironically called Sutherland, retains some Norse presence.

Wales, conquered for around a century by this point, plays host to English burghers looking to make a few quid, as well as the descendants of Norman adventurer knights in the marcher lordships, but is still majority Welsh-speaking from Anglesey to Cardiff.

The Anglo-Irish (representing the spectrum from Cambro-Norman knights to the so-called ‘Old English’ settlers) live in great numbers in the south-eastern trading towns from Dublin to Cork, as well as in smaller numbers in frontier outposts.

The cosmopolitan towns across the isles are also home to people from elsewhere in Europe, most notably Flemish weavers from the Low Countries, though their numbers are too small to impact the mapmode.

The Norman ███████ dominates as the ██████████████ for both of the kingdoms and their subjects. The conquest of 1066 is no longer fresh, but the continuing bonds between the aristocratic classes of England, Scotland, and France have kept the French language alive and strong.

culture.jpg






Religion​

I decided that it's not even worth taking a screenshot of the Religion map mode. There are tiny minorities of Jewish people in some Scottish and Irish towns (they had been expelled from England), but they are so small in number they don't even register on the map mode

Other than that, it's all Catholic. But not for long.

> John Wycliffe has entered the chat.


Areas​

Based on the 4 provinces of Ireland (sorry Meath) and splitting England roughly into the larger Anglo-Saxon earldoms which have some similarity with the modern Regions (sorry Yorkshire).

areas.jpg





Provinces​

We have fixed the colours of the Provinces mapmode so you can see the individual provinces a bit more clearly. These are largely based on the historic counties, which have remained fairly constant throughout history, while merging some of those that are too small.

We’ve almost certainly offended someone.

The ancient Scottish shires are pretty messy and difficult to coalesce into neat provinces, so any suggestions for better arrangement there would be very welcome.

provinces.jpg




Locations​


You might notice that the locations in Ireland are varyingly written in both English and in Irish. This is because we have the new system up-and-running where we can name Locations by the primary culture of the country they are owned by.

This means that for example London might be called Londres if it was ruled by a Catalan country. It’s currently a WIP feature and we might add more elements, such as a game setting to base the name on dominant culture of the location instead, or to just use default (English) names.

locations.jpg




Government Types​

As with most of Europe, most of the countries are under some monarchy or another, but the Irish tuathas begin with the Tribe government type. This, among other mechanics such as [redacted] helps to give them a very unique playing style in Europe.

government.jpg


Countries​

England

England of course stands as the dominant kingdom in the isles. Despite having a lot of power resting on the barons, the country is fairly unitary even at this point, with very little practical separation between the crown’s power in somewhere like Kent versus Yorkshire. However there are notable exceptions.

The powerful Burgesses estate in the City of London enjoys ancient freedoms from royal power, while the king peers in from the Crown’s seat of power in neighbouring Westminster.

The County Palatine of Durham is not represented by a country, but buildings that give the Clergy Estate a huge amount of power in the locations it is present in. This also ties into political gameplay as a ██████████ ██████.

The newly created Duchy of Cornwall—the only duchy in England at the time—would also not be represented well by the Cornwall country, being a disparate set of manorial holdings that are ironically mostly in Devon. Cornwall of course exists as a releasable country though.

The Isle of Man is a little less certain. For now we have it as a subject of England. On paper it was a ‘kingdom’ awarded to William Montagu, the king’s favourite, however we aren’t sure if he actually wielded any real power on the isle. It changed hands between England and Scotland numerous times in this period, but in practice it appears to have been governed by a local council of barons. Any more details on exactly what was going on here in this period would be greatly appreciated.

These decisions have been made because as England heaves itself out of the feudal system, we thought it would be best if the small-fry inward-looking internal politicking is handled through the Estates and [redacted] systems, and then the diplomacy tracks are freed up for the English player to behave more outwardly against other major countries.

Wales

Though subjugated by conquest, Wales was not formally annexed into the Kingdom of England until the mid 1500s. As such the principality begins as a Dominion subject under England.

Those familiar with Welsh history will note that historically the Principality of Wales didn’t extend much beyond the old kingdom of Gywnedd. Much of the country to the southeast was in fact ruled by marcher lords, which we represent with a powerful Nobility estate in the valleys and beyond.

There is an alternative vision of Wales that I would like to gauge opinion on, and that is expanding it to include the Earldom of Chester and the marches on the English side of the modern border. If you are an Englishman familiar with modern borders this might look alarming, but these lands were also constitutionally ambiguous parts of the “Welsh Marches” until the 1500s. This will hand over to the Wales player the full responsibility of dealing with the marcher lords, allowing England to focus on bigger picture issues like beating France.

Ireland

Ireland is going through a moment of change. English royal power is centred on the Lordship of the Pale, the king’s Dominion ruling out of Dublin Castle. However, it struggles to keep a grasp on the rebellious Hiberno-Norman earls scattered around the island - some of whom remain as vassals, some of whom have managed to slip free of royal control.

The Tanistry system of succession endemic to the Gaelic Irish has its advantages, but it can also lead to chaotic feuds between rival branches. The so-called Burke Civil War has fractured the powerful Earldom of Ulster into rival Burke cousins who jealously feud over their shrinking lordships in Connaught. Native Irish princes of the north have reconquered most of their own lands from the de Burghs, but there are also two rival O’Neill cousins who style themselves King of Tyrone either side of the River Bann.

The feuding Irish lack a unifying figure, but anyone powerful enough could theoretically claim the title of High King. The former provincial kingdoms, such as Meath and Connacht, enjoy the elevated rank of Duchy, giving them a slight edge in the High Kingship selection.

Scotland

The chancer Edward Balliol continues his attempt for the Scottish throne, with England’s tacit permission. It’s hard to determine the exact lands held by Balliol in 1337, but we know his disinherited loyalists hold the castle of Perth while his English allies had seized large tracts of the lowlands from Bruce. Balliol has also bought the loyalty of the MacDonald and the other Hebridean galley lords by granting them remote land on the west coast of the mainland.

Meanwhile, Scotland’s canny regent Sir Andrew de Moray launches his decisive counterattack as his true king, David II de Bruce, waits in exile in France.

political.jpg


Dynasties​

We know about Plantagenet, Balliol, and Bruce, so I've zoomed in on Ireland to show the ruling dynasties of the various chieftains and earls.

dynasty.jpg


Population​

Excuse the seams and the greyscale mapmode. We have something better in the pipeline...

population_country.jpg
population_location.jpg




Well, thats it for now!

As always the team is eagerly awaiting your feedback and looking forward to the discussions. We’ll try to keep on top of the thread, but we have a teambuilding activity this afternoon so it might be a little more sporadic than usual!

Next week: Anatolia!
 
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From my understanding there were nomadic pastoralist groups in parts of the north of Ireland that could be described as tribesmen.
Would you have a source for that? Some English historians incorrectly described Gaelic groups as nomadic, but it was just based on them moving herds from one grazing pasture to another. The so-called “tribes” would also have agricultural lands, and in fact couldn’t survive without them (something the English learned to exploit when crushing resistance).
 
Would you have a source for that? Some English historians incorrectly described Gaelic groups as nomadic, but it was just based on them moving herds from one grazing pasture to another. The so-called “tribes” would also have agricultural lands, and in fact couldn’t survive without them (something the English learned to exploit when crushing resistance).
Here is a source that describes the different types of nomadic traditions within Ireland and addresses your concerns with misidentifying nomadic groups (pages 30-32). I was unable to find population numbers on these groups though the book does provide sources which may have more detail.
 
Here is a source that describes the different types of nomadic traditions within Ireland and addresses your concerns with misidentifying nomadic groups (pages 30-32). I was unable to find population numbers on these groups though the book does provide sources which may have more detail.
Thanks, I'll see if I can get hold of a copy. Does it say anything particular about people in the north of Ireland that distinguishes them from transhumanance practices elsehwere (i.e. that would make them tribal)?
 
there's a preview link that contains the pages mentioned.
Thanks. It’s an interesting read, I hadn’t heard of creaghting before. You’re right, it could be enough to justify some tribal pops in the north (though not, I think, tribal government).
 
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Next up, Home Counties - Bedfordshire, Middlesex and Essex

The provinces above are not a perfect match for the counties in the book, so I've had to move things around a bit (if anyone ever gets their hands on the book and checks).

These regions can largely be broken up into clay-soiled lowlands, wood-pasture, and marsh.

1) Clay-soiled lowlands -

These were wheat growing regions that fed London - a variation of the downs regions from Kent/Sussex. Again, large flocks of sheep were common where the sheep's main commodity was manure for fertilizing the fields. Wool was secondary.

2) Wood-pasture -

Areas of mixed wood and pasture where livestock grazed on the pasture and pigs fed in the forest.

3) Marsh -

Covered under Kent/Sussex. Drained marshlands were typically used for pasture.

Using those definitions, we get:
1) Clay-soiled lowlands:
Southwark - Wheat
Westminster - Horses (proxy for southern Hertfordshire, which specialized in horses)
Hertford - Wheat
Bedford - Wheat
Buckingham - Wheat
Oxford - Wheat
2) Wood-pasture:
Windsor - Wild Game (royal forest)
London - Lumber (woods around London were used for fuel and building materials)
Chelmsford - Dyes (saffron was grown in the region as a dye - woad was also grown in Essex)
Hedingham - Wild Game (royal forest)
Colchester - Livestock
3) Marsh:
Southend - Livestock

Changes:
Southwark - from legumes to wheat.
Westminster - from wheat to horses.
Bedford - from legumes to wheat.
Oxford - from medicaments to wheat.
London - from wheat to lumber.
Colchester - from wheat to livestock.
Southend - from legumes to livestock.

Justifications:
Southwark, Bedford and Southend - legumes (and lentils and peas) are specifically mentioned in the text as either primarily for feeding livestock on the farm or rarely grown. Maybe outside of England they make more sense. If not, maybe save the CPU usage and remove them. My guess is they will very rarely be the primary crop in a location.
Westminster - southern Hertfordshire is singled out in multiple volumes as a horse-breeding area. Westminster was used as close enough.
Oxford - I searched for quite a while and could find nothing that resembled medicaments in Oxford. The closest I found was the herb birthwort, which was introduced to the area during the Middle Ages, but it doesn't appear to have been cultivated in any way. It was grown in herb gardens. Unless there is another explanation, I would change it to something else. Wheat would be the default.
London - There is a map in the text that shows wood-pasture land north of London, which the London location appears to encompass. There is also reference to woodland that was around London being used for fuel and building materials, so I put the two together.
Colchester - This is in a wood-pasture region, so livestock makes more sense.

Does anyone know why the medicaments were selected for Oxford? I am curious.

This region had a lot more generic goods than Kent/Sussex. I may go through and do some searching to see if there is anything more interesting for some of these (there wasnt anything in the text). At the moment, they should serve as a default starting point.

Next, two of the regions from the book combined - the South/West and Southwest provinces: Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall

Again, this is using information from "The Agrarian Regions of England and Wales". Focus was on Volume IV: 1500 - 1640, but I looked at Volume III - VI.

First, I added three locations - one to Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall.

Additions:
Somerset - Bath
Devon - Tavistock
Cornwall - Penzance

Justifications:
Somerset - According to the book, Somerset was the third most heavily populated county in the country. Visually, there was room for a fourth location. Somerset also has three distinct regions according to the book with no representations for the wood - pasture region. Bath is an obvious addition that others have suggested and is on the edge of the wood - pasture region.
Devon and Cornwall - The current location map has tin in the wrong places because there are too few locations. Also, there are important economic regions that are not represented in both. Plus, Devon's locations are very large relative to the rest of England. Finally, two locations for Cornwall is unusual - most provinces have three locations.

Map:
Southwest England.png

The locations can be broken up into many different types of regions.

Descriptions:

1) Downland -

These are described as wheat growing regions. Large flocks of sheep were grazed on hill pastures during the day, then folded at night on the lower arable fields. The most valuable commodity of the sheep was the manure, which was used to fertilize the fields. Wool and meat were secondary.

2) Marsh/Fenland -

Covered under Kent/Sussex. Drained marshlands were typically used for pasture.

3) Pastoral Vales/Wood-pasture -

Pastoral valleys with dairy often as the focus or areas of mixed wood and pasture where livestock grazed on the pasture and pigs fed in the forest.

4) Pastoral Moorland -

High, desolate moorland where cattle-rearing or sheep-grazing was the principal industry.

5) Fertile Valley / Coastal Lands

Highly fertile areas with exceptional agriculture. Often grew cash crops like fruit.

Using those definitions, we get:
1) Downlands
Cheltenham - Wheat
Salisbury - Wheat
Winchester - Wheat
Poole - Marble (purbeck marble)
2) Fenland
Wells - Livestock
3) Pastoral Vales/Wood-Pasture
Dean - Iron (iron mining occurred in the forests of dean)
Glouchester - Fruit (the vale of glouchester was known for fruit)
Chippenham - Livestock
Swindon - Wild Game (royal forest)
Southampton - Wild Game (royal forest)
Portsmouth - Lumber (forest of bere)
Dorchester - Livestock
Weymouth - Sand (famous sand area)
Bristol - Coal (amongst earliest coal mines in Britain)
Bath - Stone (bath stone)
4) Pastoral Moorland
Launceton - Wool (the Southwest was famous for its wool)
Barnstaple - Silver (combe martin silver mines was here)
Tavistock - Tin (dartmoor had significant tin deposits)
Penzance - Tin (multiple famous tin mines)
5) Fertile Valleys and Coastal Lands
Taunton (while the area likely contains more of the pastoral moorland/ex-royal forest of exmoor, the vale of taunton is also highlighted as the "paradise of England") - Fruit
Plymouth - Fishing (major fishing port)
Truro - Fishing (fishing port)
Exeter - Fruit
6) Island
Wight - Wild Game (royal forest)

Changes:
Cheltenham - from fruit to wheat.
Gloucestershire - from livestock to fruit.
Winchester - from fruit to wheat.
Dorchester - from fruit to livestock.
Bristol - from fiber crops to coal.
Bath - from nothing to stone.
Wells - from stone to livestock.
Taunton - from wild game to fruit.
Exeter - from tin to fruit.
Tavistock - from nothing to tin.
Launceton - from tin to wool.
Penzance - from nothing to tin.

Justifications:
Cheltenham - The Cotswalds have a typical downland economy with wheat as the main cash crop and sheep are primarily for manure. Fruit was not mentioned in the book.
Gloucestershire - The Vale of Gloucestershire has many apple and pear orchards. It likely also has livestock, but many places have livestock.
Winchester - Another download economy, which likely means wheat and sheep with wheat as the focus.
Dorchester - Dorset was dairy country, so I thought it needed a livestock. Fruit was not mentioned for Dorset in the book. The 1640 - 1750 book also says that Dorset had the best sheep in the country with Dorchester as a focus, so I considered wool.
Bristol - According to one source, Bristol had the earliest coal mines in the country. Also, the Forest of Dean had iron and coal, but only room for one good, so I thought that was a tiebreaker. If there is too much coal, then I will look into whether it makes sense to remove it from elsewhere.
Bath and Wells - Moved the Bath Stone from Bath to Wells. Wells is in the region of the Somerset Levels, which is fenland, so a fenland good made sense.
Taunton - Multiple options for Taunton. The region includes the Taunton Vales, which has a nickname of the "Paradise of England". Fruit was grown there. The region also includes Exmoor - which likely covers more of the region than the fertile lowlands. As moorland, Exmoor could have wool or livestock. Finally, Exmoor was a royal forest, so wild game makes sense too. In the end, I went with fruit.
Exeter and Tavistock - Exeter is not where the tin mining occurred in Devon. That was in the west of the county where Tavistock is. Exeter was known for apple orchards and cider, so fruit made more sense.
Launceton and Penzance - Launeton was not the main tin mining location. That was in the west of the county where Penzance is. The southwest is referenced as sheep country, so I felt that it needed a wool somewhere. This location made the most sense with all of the moorland in the location and surrounding region.

Some comments: I am ending up a little bit livestock heavy and a little bit light in others (fiber crops has been removed twice, I think). I will compile everything and do some rebalancing at the end if that is not made up for in other regions.
 
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Here is a source that describes the different types of nomadic traditions within Ireland and addresses your concerns with misidentifying nomadic groups (pages 30-32). I was unable to find population numbers on these groups though the book does provide sources which may have more detail.
I've quoted this here already:

Nomadry as Katharine Simms it, describes it boils down to the creaght, whereby landless nobleman (collateral branches of dynasties who did not stand to inherit) took their moveable wealth across the country in order to pursue mercenary contracts elsewhere or service elsewhere. Similarly, the moveable wealth of poets could be described as also being a creaght. They're not a separate social group however, merely down on their luck nobility.
 
To be honest the creaght seems less like an example of tribal pops and more like population migration brought about by the disruption caused by warfare.
Yes, in many respects the creaght was the same as the older iméirghe, were populations were organised so they could be moved to safety during an attack.

The other element was more comparable to a knight errant and his moveable wealth.
 
I thought I'd do a little update with some further suggestions and minor changes within Wales but also the border regions for better gameplay and flavour.

First, in talking with some over these forums and in PMs, I feel there's enough justification to add 4 more locations to better split up Wales and make the area more uniform in location size. These areas would be Conwy, Ruthin, Welshpool and Crickhowell. (You may notice some slight border changes too as well as locations for Chester, I'll explain later). However I'm aware this may start bringing Wales to too many locations, on the other hand, these changes would bring Wales on par with the location density in the province of Leinster in Ireland, these changes would also make the location sizes within Wales fairly similar to each other and bring some air of evenness to it.

4 New Locations: Conwy, Ruthin, Welshpool and Crickhowell.
View attachment 1152357

1. Conwy - Split from Caernarfon
Conwy was a hugely important location in Wales at the time as well as the rest of the island, playing a critical role in Glyndwrs war of Independence, having been captured by only 2 men at the start of the war in 1401, the noblemen Rhys ap Tudur and his brother Gwilym (related to the Tudors who used the anglicized form of the family name who were also Glyndwrs cousins) who pretended to be carpenters seeking to repair the gate, only to kill the watchmen and let Glyndwr's army in (Would make for a brilliant event to pop up for the Welsh player during the war of Independence).

During the Wars of the Roses, though not the sight of actual fighting, served as a logistical hub for battles undertaken in the Marches. The Castle was also heavily damaged during the civil wars as well as, initially being held by Royalists, the castle and location was then taken by Parliamentarians in August 1646.


2. Ruthin - Split from Llangollen
Long one, sorry.
Ruthin is very important during this time period, though only a small lordship, the single lord of this demesne managed to incite the Welsh War of Independence led by Glyndwr almost singlehandedly, with the war starting out initially as personal rivalry between Glyndwr and Reynold Grey, 3rd Baron Grey of Ruthin, who having seized some of Glyndwr's estates in the neighbouring principality, utilised his support and leverage with the new King Henry IV as a member of his Kings council to plead his case, which was previously found in favour of Glyndwr under Richard II.

Following this, whilst the legal litigation surrounding the disputed lands continued, a war in Scotland broke out. Grey was charged with gathering the levies in the Northern Marches, but purposefully neglected to inform Glyndwr of the raising of the levies. Glyndwr was thus late to the summons and branded a traitor and his lands confiscated until he could prove his loyalty. Glyndwr took up arms on the 16th of September 1400 as a result, wherein he was proclaimed Prince of Wales by his followers, proceeding to burn down De Grey's landholdings and castles, followed up by attacks on Denbigh, Rhuddlan, Flint, Hawarden, Holt, Oswestry and Welshpool in quick succession before being beaten at the battle of Lake Vyrnwy north of Welshpool/Y Trallwng on the 24th by Hugh Burnell.
View attachment 1152364

Following this, De Grey staged a false reconciliation meeting with Glyndwr at his estate in Glandyfrdwy. Supposedly insinuating to Glyndwr that he would only bring a retinue of 30 men, DeGrey hid a force in the nearby forest, only for this to be noticed by Glyndwr and his men, who rightly deemed the event to be a trap. Though surrounded, Glyndwr escaped and laid low for months, gathering men in secret throughout the North of Wales before launching the primary phase of the war of independence during the 1401 campaign. Glyndwr would later capture the Lordship of Ruthin later in 1402, capturing Baron DeGrey in the process and ransoming him off for 10,000 Marks, approximately £5,062,717 today adjusted for inflation.

The borders I've shown here are the lordship of Ruthin as well as the westernmost portion of the marcher lordship of Bromfield and Yale, on the same side of the Clwydian mountain range as Ruthin. Though it would be preferable to keep the borders of the marches as historical as possible, this would allow for more even location sizes as well as the possibility for impassable terrains along the Clwyd range.


3. Welshpool - Split from Machynlleth
Rather than Machynlleth which, though nationally important at the time, as can be seen by Glyndwr holding his Parliament here, Welshpool was actually the seat of power in the Kingdom Powys and the later Lordship of Powys. Following the fall of Mathrafal in 1212 during the many wars intended to annex Wales, Welshpool became the seat of power for the House of Mathrafal, who would retain nominal power via the rump lordship of Powys carved out of the former Kingdom of Powys, fielding loyalty to the English crown. Glyndwr would later go on to ransack the town, leading to a truce with the Marcher Lordship. A new Welshpool location would also allow for more dynamic impassables in the region.


4. Crickhowell - Split from Brecon
The area referred to as Crickhowell here would actually have made up the Lordship of Blaenllyfni as well as some appendages of the Lordship of Brecon in the North West, though held by the same family, the lordships were separate. Power was held in Blaenllyfni castle until the start date itself, wherein an inquisition by jury found the castle defences to be ruinous following the Despencer wars, thus, the seat of power in the lordship was transfered to Crickhowell, which would later go on to play major roles in Welsh history (After the Mortimers were beaten during the war of independence however, I am not 100% sure, but Crickhowell may well have returned to the hands of the Lordship of Brecon sometime after 1405). Notably, this new location would further increase the power of the Mortimer family, as well as allow for a more unified landholding presented ingame as well as allow for the Stafford Holdings to be shown.


Who owns what now? (Before and After):
View attachment 1152372View attachment 1152373

Orange = Stafford (Lordship of Gwynllwg, location = Caldicot)
Light Blue = De Grey (Lordship of Ruthin, location = Ruthin)

With the Mortimer realm expanded in mid Wales, its possible to take their location of Caldicot and give it to the Staffords, who owned the neighbouring and larger lordship of Gwynllwg (Now Newport) highlighted in Orange. Likewise, the Arundel realm is somewhat shrunk but better represented now, with the DeGrey's of Ruthin controlling the location and lordship of Ruthin (potentially now enabling events related to Glyndwr's war of independence).

There were two mistakes in Pembrokeshire, namely, Narberth was owned and controlled by the Mortimer family at the time. Secondly, the lordship of Pembrokeshire should only own territory south of the Landsker line. What is now Preseli Pembrokeshire (North) comprised of two lordships at the time, Cemaes and Pebidiog, however without splitting down too much, by merging the two into one location, the area should fall into the hands of the Audley family who currently control Cantref Bychan in Brown and controlled the lordship of Cemaes.

Some minor border changes can be noted too, mainly with the border region between Wales and England to better represent the actual line of the border, but most notably is the Dyfi Estuary, this estuary should properly be represented ingame, as no army could ford the estuary, rather, if travelling from Gwynedd to Ceredigion or vice versa, armies were necessitated to march into Powys first, near Machynlleth to circumnavigate the estuary (See the map below for better visualisation, Powys in Yellow, Principality regions uncoloured).

View attachment 1152375

The Dyfi Estuary, with Gwynedd in the North, Powys in the East and Ceredigion in the South.

Changes in The Kingdom of England?
I am in no way as versed in English counties as I am in Welsh counties, however, I feel these locations which are adherent to the Domesday hundreds as well as the Domesday counties would improve location size, shape as well as density within the border regions. Any comments or discussions related to it are very welcome however!

View attachment 1152485
Black = Previously Mentioned. Blue = Chester, locations shown next.

1. Shrewsbury
2. Wellington
(Now part of Telford, used to be the primary location here, even had a hundred named after it)
3. Ludlow
4. Bridgenorth
5. Wigmore
6. Hereford
7. Ewyas
8. St Braviels
or Westbury
(Not Dean, St Braviels was likely the most important location at the time, favourite hunting lodge of many Kings as well as the primary arrow making settlement in England).
9. Malvern
(Malvern may be a bit too long, it could be argued that it may need to be separated in two).
10. Kidderminster
11. Worcester
12. Gloucester
13. Winchcombe
14. Cirencester
15. Berkeley
16. Bristol


Changes in the County Palatine of Chester?
View attachment 1152486
Black = Previously Mentioned.

1. Willaston
2. Chester
3. Rushton
4. Bucklow
5. Macclesfield
6. Middlewich
7. Acton

The boundaries of these suggested locations adhere to a certain extent to the borders of one or more hundreds from the 1086 domesday book, the borders of which were maintained for centuries in most instances one way or the other. These locations also allow for a plethora of different options also, including the accurate borders of English counties (Image 1), Glyndwr's Wales as per the Tripartite agreement (Image 2.) as well as to shaping the wars of the roses better (Image 3, House of York in Blue, same as Mortimers before and House of Lancaster in Red).

View attachment 1152491View attachment 1152492View attachment 1152493
Thought I'd update this thread one more time.

The Welsh Marches - International Organisation
I would suggest that much like the Welsh Marches be grouped into a new International Organisation headed by the Principality of Wales or perhaps the Kingdom of England. (This could very much be representative of the real world counterpart, the Council of Wales and the Marches, though this would only appear in real life in 1457). The leader of the International Organisation should always be the King of England, and as such this would represent in addition to their vassal status, the moderate independence granted to the marcher lordships as well as invariably tying them to the colonial regime led by England.

This would allow a degree of taxation to be paid to the Kingdom of England, dictate how many wars involving the marches play out in terms of which side they are likely to take, penalise the marcher lords by representing a form of native resistance to the regime via reduced recruitable populations and tax bases. As international organisations can also enact laws, it may be a way of representing the harsh laws implemented against Welsh subjects of the Marcher lordships intended to snuff out resistance, especially the Penal laws of 1400-1402.

Situation System - Owain Glyndŵr's War of Independence and Wider Involvement
owain_glyndwr_flag.png
1719969384328.png
1719969458765.png

In conjunction with a situation system akin to the one shown for the Italian wars, this international organisation would allow for lots of flavour for gameplay surrounding the early stages of the War of Independence, wherein the challenge of combating Owain Glyndŵr was left to the marcher lords, many of whom ended up joining him or signing truces, to the point where Glyndŵr controlled almost the whole of Wales by December 1403. France, Brittany and England should have a stake in this situation system, as France did join the war in 1405 formally, but informally had contingents present in 1403 also, though most of the fighting occured between Glyndŵr and the Marcher lords, England under the King did undertake 'Royal Expeditions' to assist them (Both situations could be represented by events spawning units for Marcher tags).

Most marcher lords mustered men for campaigns undertaken by either the Justiciar of North Wales or the Justiciar of South Wales, who were only able to operate within their domains at the start of the war, something Glyndŵr took advantage at the start of the war. As Henry 'Hotspur' Percy was declared Lord Lieutenant and Justiciar of North Wales this afforded him a great deal of power, something he utilised to his advantage during the tripartite indenture and ensuing alliance, thus, the forces offered to Percy would join the side of Glyndŵr, as would the county levies of the Mortimer realm.

A Situation system could enable Glyndŵr to war amongst the marches without involvement from the Kingdom of England early on (as historically occurred), upon which both France and Brittany as well as England should be able to enter the war on their respective sides later on once it'd be a fairly even fight, with two options available in the aftermath, the undertaking of the tripartite indenture and division of England in 3 between Glyndŵr, Percy and Mortimer or the reinstatement of all marcher lordships (only to be annexed by the Kingdom of England in the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542).

As Glyndŵr's successes were primarily within the Principality which he conquered fairly early on and raised a host from, Glyndŵr should spawn out of this entity, forming his own Kingdom from it, thus perhaps the situation system would end up looking similar to this (Thanks to Brennanthenerd on Reddit for the underlaying image):


1719968997106.png
1719969047518.png

Left: 1400 (Or 1401, with events indicating the war is likely to begin in 1400)
Right: 1405, the year the Kingdom of England, France and Brittany should be formally able to join the war.


Update on the Lordship of Glamorgan:
Thought I'd do some more research by going to Caerphilly Castle myself this weekend, bought a book by Cadw, the Welsh heritage body and did some research on the Lordship of Glamorgan, helped me with some fixes on my map and better subdivisions within the Lordship of Glamorgan, as well as who ruled at the games start date. First, the Caerphilly location needs some reshaping, its better to shape this area after the de Clare held marches before the death of Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester at the battle of Bannockburn in 1314. These lands passed onto his sister, Eleanor de Clare, who would hold them and the wider Lordship of Glamorgan at the start of the game.

As far as I can tell, these lands were directly controlled by the DeClare and later Despenser family, with other sub-lordships in the Lordship of Glamorgan held by other Mense lords, as such, giving Caerphilly these borders would represent the power base of the declare family within the lordship of Glamorgan as well as accurately represent the sub-lordships of Glynrhondda, Senghenydd and Meisgyn (however for the sake of better playability and borders, the sub-lordship of Afan should be left out of this location, perhaps giving a slight control buff to the location Afan sits within instead).

1719951371500.png

Aforementioned map, note, the sub-lordships shown are not the entirety of the Marcher Lordship of Glamorgan, but the sub-lordships directly held by the de Clares and Despensers within the wider Lordship of Glamorgan.

1719964671338.png
1719964686532.png

Before and After of the shape of the locations.

Flavour in 1337 and Relations Between the Marches
At the very start of the Game, Lady Eleanor De Clare should control the Lordship of Glamorgan, as her husband, Hugh Despenser the younger had been executed for his actions during the Despenser wars as well as the 1326 Invasion of England. Following her death on the 30th of June 1337, the lordship should pass into the hands of her son, Hugh le Despenser, 1st Baron le Despenser, thus signaling the change of hands from a De Clare Lordship of Glamorgan to a Despenser Lordship of Glamorgan.

1719951503437.png

Timeline of the De Clare Lords of Glamorgan prior to Despenser control.

An interesting thing to note is that there would likely be a high degree of animosity between the Mortimer held marches and the Despensers of the Lordship Glamorgan (Not the DeClares). This hatred also spread to the Audley's who felt cheated out of their rightful lands in Glamorgan (Lords of the neighbouring Lordship of Gower). Ingame, this would likely result in poor relations between lands held by the two families. This is because Roger Mortimer was pivotal in leading Queen Isabella's forces against King Edward the 2nd and Despenser, staunch loyalist to the King and the Kings favorite lord. When the King and Despenser were captured by Llantrisant in 1326, Despenser was put to death by Isabella and Mortimer.

1719952198965.png

Mortimer and Isabella depicted putting Despenser to death.

It should also be noted that the Bohuns of the Lordship of Brecknock, the Earl of Lancaster and the Mortimers fought against the Despensers during the Despenser war, whereas the earl of Pembroke sided with the crown and the Despensers, this may help form the basis of relations between marcher lords at the games start. The Fitzalans of the Earldom of Arundel at this time were also friendly with the Despensers and utilised this to gain favour with the crown.

Relations with the Lordship of Glamorgan may look something like this:

1719965837704.png

Blue = Favourable, Red = Unfavourable and black = unknown.

The region will have just emerged from two wars, the revolt of Llywelyn Bren and the Despenser war, tensions should remain high between Marcher lords as well as internally via a lack of control.
 
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Situation System - Owain Glyndŵr's War of Independence and Wider Involvement View attachment 1157498View attachment 1157499View attachment 1157500
In conjunction with a situation system akin to the one shown for the Italian wars, this international organisation would allow for lots of flavour for gameplay surrounding the early stages of the War of Independence, wherein the challenge of combating Owain Glyndŵr was left to the marcher lords, many of whom ended up joining him or signing truces, to the point where Glyndŵr controlled almost the whole of Wales by December 1403. France, Brittany and England should have a stake in this situation system, as France did join the war in 1405 formally, but informally had contingents present in 1403 also, though most of the fighting occured between Glyndŵr and the Marcher lords, England under the King did undertake 'Royal Expeditions' to assist them (Both situations could be represented by events spawning units for Marcher tags).

Most marcher lords mustered men for campaigns undertaken by either the Justiciar of North Wales or the Justiciar of South Wales, who were only able to operate within their domains at the start of the war, something Glyndŵr took advantage at the start of the war. As Henry 'Hotspur' Percy was declared Lord Lieutenant and Justiciar of North Wales this afforded him a great deal of power, something he utilised to his advantage during the tripartite indenture and ensuing alliance, thus, the forces offered to Percy would join the side of Glyndŵr, as would the county levies of the Mortimer realm.

A Situation system could enable Glyndŵr to war amongst the marches without involvement from the Kingdom of England early on (as historically occurred), upon which both France and Brittany as well as England should be able to enter the war on their respective sides later on once it'd be a fairly even fight, with two options available in the aftermath, the undertaking of the tripartite indenture and division of England in 3 between Glyndŵr, Percy and Mortimer or the reinstatement of all marcher lordships (only to be annexed by the Kingdom of England in the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542).

As Glyndŵr's successes were primarily within the Principality which he conquered fairly early on and raised a host from, Glyndŵr should spawn out of this entity, forming his own Kingdom from it, thus perhaps the situation system would end up looking similar to this (Thanks to Brennanthenerd on Reddit for the underlaying image):


View attachment 1157495View attachment 1157497
Left: 1400 (Or 1401, with events indicating the war is likely to begin in 1400)
Right: 1405, the year the Kingdom of England, France and Brittany should be formally able to join the war.
I really like this suggestion! Very good post!

If there was to be a Situation I would probably expand it to allow Scotland and the Irish minors to formally join the war. They wouldn't always do so but the Welsh certainly attempted to court both Irish and Scottish support at different times during the revolt.
 
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I really like this suggestion! Very good post!

If there was to be a Situation I would probably expand it to allow Scotland and the Irish minors to formally join the war. They wouldn't always do so but the Welsh certainly attempted to court both Irish and Scottish support at different times during the revolt.
It wouldn't be *entirely* out of the question, as the Bretons, French, Scottish and Castilians attended Glyndwr's first Parliament in Machynlleth as well as the second (And yes, I do believe that should Glyndwr win, Machynlleth should be the Capital).

But given the lack of any official support from Castile or Scotland during the war, I would advise against it. Scotland did however assist financially and logistically from what I can gather though (as well as tacit political support). I'd suggest only the Bretons, French and England should be able to get involved.
 
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Thought I'd update this thread one more time.

The Welsh Marches - International Organisation
I would suggest that much like the Welsh Marches be grouped into a new International Organisation headed by the Principality of Wales or perhaps the Kingdom of England. (This could very much be representative of the real world counterpart, the Council of Wales and the Marches, though this would only appear in real life in 1457). The leader of the International Organisation should always be the King of England, and as such this would represent in addition to their vassal status, the moderate independence granted to the marcher lordships as well as invariably tying them to the colonial regime led by England.

This would allow a degree of taxation to be paid to the Kingdom of England, dictate how many wars involving the marches play out in terms of which side they are likely to take, penalise the marcher lords by representing a form of native resistance to the regime via reduced recruitable populations and tax bases. As international organisations can also enact laws, it may be a way of representing the harsh laws implemented against Welsh subjects of the Marcher lordships intended to snuff out resistance, especially the Penal laws of 1400-1402.

Situation System - Owain Glyndŵr's War of Independence and Wider Involvement View attachment 1157498View attachment 1157499View attachment 1157500
In conjunction with a situation system akin to the one shown for the Italian wars, this international organisation would allow for lots of flavour for gameplay surrounding the early stages of the War of Independence, wherein the challenge of combating Owain Glyndŵr was left to the marcher lords, many of whom ended up joining him or signing truces, to the point where Glyndŵr controlled almost the whole of Wales by December 1403. France, Brittany and England should have a stake in this situation system, as France did join the war in 1405 formally, but informally had contingents present in 1403 also, though most of the fighting occured between Glyndŵr and the Marcher lords, England under the King did undertake 'Royal Expeditions' to assist them (Both situations could be represented by events spawning units for Marcher tags).

Most marcher lords mustered men for campaigns undertaken by either the Justiciar of North Wales or the Justiciar of South Wales, who were only able to operate within their domains at the start of the war, something Glyndŵr took advantage at the start of the war. As Henry 'Hotspur' Percy was declared Lord Lieutenant and Justiciar of North Wales this afforded him a great deal of power, something he utilised to his advantage during the tripartite indenture and ensuing alliance, thus, the forces offered to Percy would join the side of Glyndŵr, as would the county levies of the Mortimer realm.

A Situation system could enable Glyndŵr to war amongst the marches without involvement from the Kingdom of England early on (as historically occurred), upon which both France and Brittany as well as England should be able to enter the war on their respective sides later on once it'd be a fairly even fight, with two options available in the aftermath, the undertaking of the tripartite indenture and division of England in 3 between Glyndŵr, Percy and Mortimer or the reinstatement of all marcher lordships (only to be annexed by the Kingdom of England in the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542).

As Glyndŵr's successes were primarily within the Principality which he conquered fairly early on and raised a host from, Glyndŵr should spawn out of this entity, forming his own Kingdom from it, thus perhaps the situation system would end up looking similar to this (Thanks to Brennanthenerd on Reddit for the underlaying image):


View attachment 1157495View attachment 1157497
Left: 1400 (Or 1401, with events indicating the war is likely to begin in 1400)
Right: 1405, the year the Kingdom of England, France and Brittany should be formally able to join the war.


Update on the Lordship of Glamorgan:
Thought I'd do some more research by going to Caerphilly Castle myself this weekend, bought a book by Cadw, the Welsh heritage body and did some research on the Lordship of Glamorgan, helped me with some fixes on my map and better subdivisions within the Lordship of Glamorgan, as well as who ruled at the games start date. First, the Caerphilly location needs some reshaping, its better to shape this area after the de Clare held marches before the death of Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester at the battle of Bannockburn in 1314. These lands passed onto his sister, Eleanor de Clare, who would hold them and the wider Lordship of Glamorgan at the start of the game.

As far as I can tell, these lands were directly controlled by the DeClare and later Despenser family, with other sub-lordships in the Lordship of Glamorgan held by other Mense lords, as such, giving Caerphilly these borders would represent the power base of the declare family within the lordship of Glamorgan as well as accurately represent the sub-lordships of Glynrhondda, Senghenydd and Meisgyn (however for the sake of better playability and borders, the sub-lordship of Afan should be left out of this location, perhaps giving a slight control buff to the location Afan sits within instead).

View attachment 1157396
Aforementioned map, note, the sub-lordships shown are not the entirety of the Marcher Lordship of Glamorgan, but the sub-lordships directly held by the de Clares and Despensers within the wider Lordship of Glamorgan.

View attachment 1157475View attachment 1157476
Before and After of the shape of the locations.

Flavour in 1337 and Relations Between the Marches
At the very start of the Game, Lady Eleanor De Clare should control the Lordship of Glamorgan, as her husband, Hugh Despenser the younger had been executed for his actions during the Despenser wars as well as the 1326 Invasion of England. Following her death on the 30th of June 1337, the lordship should pass into the hands of her son, Hugh le Despenser, 1st Baron le Despenser, thus signaling the change of hands from a De Clare Lordship of Glamorgan to a Despenser Lordship of Glamorgan.

View attachment 1157397
Timeline of the De Clare Lords of Glamorgan prior to Despenser control.

An interesting thing to note is that there would likely be a high degree of animosity between the Mortimer held marches and the Despensers of the Lordship Glamorgan (Not the DeClares). This hatred also spread to the Audley's who felt cheated out of their rightful lands in Glamorgan (Lords of the neighbouring Lordship of Gower). Ingame, this would likely result in poor relations between lands held by the two families. This is because Roger Mortimer was pivotal in leading Queen Isabella's forces against King Edward the 2nd and Despenser, staunch loyalist to the King and the Kings favorite lord. When the King and Despenser were captured by Llantrisant in 1326, Despenser was put to death by Isabella and Mortimer.

View attachment 1157403
Mortimer and Isabella depicted putting Despenser to death.

It should also be noted that the Bohuns of the Lordship of Brecknock, the Earl of Lancaster and the Mortimers fought against the Despensers during the Despenser war, whereas the earl of Pembroke sided with the crown and the Despensers, this may help form the basis of relations between marcher lords at the games start. The Fitzalans of the Earldom of Arundel at this time were also friendly with the Despensers and utilised this to gain favour with the crown.

Relations with the Lordship of Glamorgan may look something like this:

View attachment 1157477
Blue = Favourable, Red = Unfavourable and black = unknown.

The region will have just emerged from two wars, the revolt of Llywelyn Bren and the Despenser war, tensions should remain high between Marcher lords as well as internally via a lack of control.
I like the idea of given better representation of the Marcher Lords and I think Owen Glendower's rebellion should be in game as something that can happen, but the latter should be something where the player has some agency in wether or not it happens rather than an outcome that always occurs. I understand that there has to be some scripted disasters in the game e.g. the black plague, but having too many bad events that will fire around time x no matter what you do gets really boring on your 100th+ play through of a country (if not much sooner) and takes away from the sandbox aspect of the game. Perhaps it could fire if the crown fails to establish a certain level of control over the principality and the Marcher Lords are weakened beyond a certain threshold, or something similar. That would avoid the situation where the player will need to deal with this rebellion in every game and can feel they have some agency over what happens.
 
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(And yes, I do believe that should Glyndwr win, Machynlleth should be the Capital).
Well, it has a that clock tower in the centre to be a surrogate 'Big Ben'! ;)
 
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Next, two of the regions from the book combined - the South/West and Southwest provinces: Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall

Again, this is using information from "The Agrarian Regions of England and Wales". Focus was on Volume IV: 1500 - 1640, but I looked at Volume III - VI.

First, I added three locations - one to Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall.

Additions:
Somerset - Bath
Devon - Tavistock
Cornwall - Penzance

Justifications:
Somerset - According to the book, Somerset was the third most heavily populated county in the country. Visually, there was room for a fourth location. Somerset also has three distinct regions according to the book with no representations for the wood - pasture region. Bath is an obvious addition that others have suggested and is on the edge of the wood - pasture region.
Devon and Cornwall - The current location map has tin in the wrong places because there are too few locations. Also, there are important economic regions that are not represented in both. Plus, Devon's locations are very large relative to the rest of England. Finally, two locations for Cornwall is unusual - most provinces have three locations.

Map:

The locations can be broken up into many different types of regions.

Descriptions:

1) Downland -

These are described as wheat growing regions. Large flocks of sheep were grazed on hill pastures during the day, then folded at night on the lower arable fields. The most valuable commodity of the sheep was the manure, which was used to fertilize the fields. Wool and meat were secondary.

2) Marsh/Fenland -

Covered under Kent/Sussex. Drained marshlands were typically used for pasture.

3) Pastoral Vales/Wood-pasture -

Pastoral valleys with dairy often as the focus or areas of mixed wood and pasture where livestock grazed on the pasture and pigs fed in the forest.

4) Pastoral Moorland -

High, desolate moorland where cattle-rearing or sheep-grazing was the principal industry.

5) Fertile Valley / Coastal Lands

Highly fertile areas with exceptional agriculture. Often grew cash crops like fruit.

Using those definitions, we get:
1) Downlands
Cheltenham - Wheat
Salisbury - Wheat
Winchester - Wheat
Poole - Marble (purbeck marble)
2) Fenland
Wells - Livestock
3) Pastoral Vales/Wood-Pasture
Dean - Iron (iron mining occurred in the forests of dean)
Glouchester - Fruit (the vale of glouchester was known for fruit)
Chippenham - Livestock
Swindon - Wild Game (royal forest)
Southampton - Wild Game (royal forest)
Portsmouth - Lumber (forest of bere)
Dorchester - Livestock
Weymouth - Sand (famous sand area)
Bristol - Coal (amongst earliest coal mines in Britain)
Bath - Stone (bath stone)
4) Pastoral Moorland
Launceton - Wool (the Southwest was famous for its wool)
Barnstaple - Silver (combe martin silver mines was here)
Tavistock - Tin (dartmoor had significant tin deposits)
Penzance - Tin (multiple famous tin mines)
5) Fertile Valleys and Coastal Lands
Taunton (while the area likely contains more of the pastoral moorland/ex-royal forest of exmoor, the vale of taunton is also highlighted as the "paradise of England") - Fruit
Plymouth - Fishing (major fishing port)
Truro - Fishing (fishing port)
Exeter - Fruit
6) Island
Wight - Wild Game (royal forest)

Changes:
Cheltenham - from fruit to wheat.
Gloucestershire - from livestock to fruit.
Winchester - from fruit to wheat.
Dorchester - from fruit to livestock.
Bristol - from fiber crops to coal.
Bath - from nothing to stone.
Wells - from stone to livestock.
Taunton - from wild game to fruit.
Exeter - from tin to fruit.
Tavistock - from nothing to tin.
Launceton - from tin to wool.
Penzance - from nothing to tin.

Justifications:
Cheltenham - The Cotswalds have a typical downland economy with wheat as the main cash crop and sheep are primarily for manure. Fruit was not mentioned in the book.
Gloucestershire - The Vale of Gloucestershire has many apple and pear orchards. It likely also has livestock, but many places have livestock.
Winchester - Another download economy, which likely means wheat and sheep with wheat as the focus.
Dorchester - Dorset was dairy country, so I thought it needed a livestock. Fruit was not mentioned for Dorset in the book. The 1640 - 1750 book also says that Dorset had the best sheep in the country with Dorchester as a focus, so I considered wool.
Bristol - According to one source, Bristol had the earliest coal mines in the country. Also, the Forest of Dean had iron and coal, but only room for one good, so I thought that was a tiebreaker. If there is too much coal, then I will look into whether it makes sense to remove it from elsewhere.
Bath and Wells - Moved the Bath Stone from Bath to Wells. Wells is in the region of the Somerset Levels, which is fenland, so a fenland good made sense.
Taunton - Multiple options for Taunton. The region includes the Taunton Vales, which has a nickname of the "Paradise of England". Fruit was grown there. The region also includes Exmoor - which likely covers more of the region than the fertile lowlands. As moorland, Exmoor could have wool or livestock. Finally, Exmoor was a royal forest, so wild game makes sense too. In the end, I went with fruit.
Exeter and Tavistock - Exeter is not where the tin mining occurred in Devon. That was in the west of the county where Tavistock is. Exeter was known for apple orchards and cider, so fruit made more sense.
Launceton and Penzance - Launeton was not the main tin mining location. That was in the west of the county where Penzance is. The southwest is referenced as sheep country, so I felt that it needed a wool somewhere. This location made the most sense with all of the moorland in the location and surrounding region.

Some comments: I am ending up a little bit livestock heavy and a little bit light in others (fiber crops has been removed twice, I think). I will compile everything and do some rebalancing at the end if that is not made up for in other regions.

Next, two more regions from the book - Yorkshire/Lincolnshire and East Anglia (Norfolk/Suffolk/Cambridgeshire) provinces: North Riding, West Riding, East Riding, Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk.

Again, this is using information from "The Agrarian Regions of England and Wales". Focus was on Volume IV: 1500 - 1640, but I looked at Volume III - VI.

First, I added five locations:

West Riding - Doncaster
Norfolk - Thetford and Fakenham
Suffolk - Sudbury
Lincolnshire - Sleaford

Justifications:
West Riding - There was no location for the Humberhead Levels. This is a marsh-y area that was mostly in Sheffield, but Sheffield was big enough that it didn't make sense. Also, Sheffield, Leeds, and Beverley were unusually large relative to the surround locations. It made sense to snip those down to size and create a location to represent the unique - relative to the surround locations - region.
Norfolk - The representation for some of the locations did not make sense (Lynn is a major fishing port). Also, there was no barley and this area is famous for malt barley - multiple sources said that the conditions were ideal and/or a particular type of barley was grown. Also, the three locations in Norfolk were amongst the largest in England despite Norfolk being the 2nd most populous area during the time-frame. It made more sense to use similar sized location to neighboring regions, which suggested multiple additional locations. I added two locations to try to fix these issues.
Suffolk - Some of the same for Norfolk. Bury is strangely large. Sudbury was a major town just to the south that allows for a simple split of the location.
Lincolnshire - There was only one valley location - Lincoln. Also, Skegness and Kesteven were on the large size, so I put a valley province between the two.

Next, I renamed three provinces:

-Wakefield was renamed to Bradford. The reason is that Bradford is in the Wakefield region. I chose Bradford because it is further from Leeds. Wakefield, at least on a map, looks like more of a suburb of Leeds. If Wakefield is more important, then I could see reversing that.
-Bradford was renamed to Skipton. As far as I could ascertain, Skipton was the most major town in the region that was originally covered by Bradford.
-Kesteven was renamed to Grantham now that it was split from north Kesteven.

Finally, I changed the boundaries of Northallerton, , Whitby, Scarborough, Lincoln, and Grimsby so that the locations fit the geography better. This made Northallerton and Lincoln better fit the valley regions, while Whitby, Scarborough, and Grimsby better fit the wold regions.

Map:
Eastern England Locations.png

The locations can be broken down into many types of regions:
1) Pennine Vales or Pennine Hills - Highlands where the main pursuit was sheep/cattle raising.

2) Lowland Valleys in Yorkshire/Lincolnshire - Fertile region of mixed husbandry where it was a tossup whether livestock, sheep or grain was most lucrative.

3) Upland Wolds - Similar to downlands elsewhere in England with more of an emphasis on sheep.

4) Fens - Similar to fen country in other parts of England. Focused on livestock. Drained fens had very fertile soils and could also be areas of specialty crops like fiber crops.

5) Sands and Heaths - Breckland region of light soils with dedicated sheep foldcourses. Acted like downland mixed-husbandry region where sheep manure provided fertilization, except sheep were grazed on foldsources, then folded on arable at night. Sheep were the focus (although one source said the wool was low quality), while the barley produced was famous for beer-making and was even exported to the Low Countries. Lincolnshire sheep is the region famous for wool quality, so I redirected wool to that region and added sturdy grains/barley around Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk.

6) Wood-pasture - Typical wood pasture region where livestock was the focus.

7) Lowland clay - One location in Cambridgeshire is an extension of the lowland clay region from the Home Counties where grains were the principal crop.

Using those definitions, locations can be broken up as follows:
1) Pennine Vales/Pennine Hills:
Richmond - Lead (arkengarthdale and other regions in the yorkshire dales had lead mining)
Skipton - Wool
Leeds - Stone (bramley fall stone)
Bradford - Wool
Sheffield - Coal (coal was mined throughout the period from the south yorkshire coal field that outcrops in barnsley, rotterham, and sheffield).
2) Lowland Valleys:
Northallerton - Horses (horses are mentioned as a specialty in part of the vale of york - close enough)
York - Livestock
Lincoln - Wheat
Sleaford - Wool
3) Wolds/Upland:
Whitby - Alum (important Alum mining region)
Scarborough - Sand? (maybe this is for gameplay purposes - i couldn't find anything special about the sand in this region)
Beverley - Wool
Bridlington - Wool
Grimsby - Wool
Skegness - Wool
Grantham - Wool
4) Fens/Marshland:
Hull - Fish (hull was a major fishing and trading port)
Doncaster - Fiber Crops:
Boston - Fiber Crops
Peterborough - Wool
Cambridge - Clay (ely was a clay and pottery center)
Lynn - Fish (lynn was one of the most important ports in britain with a fishing history)
5) Sands/Heath/Breck:
Fakenham - Sturdy Grains/Barley (northern norfolk is singled out for barley)
Yarmouth - Fish (yarmouth was a major fishing port)
Thetford - Wool
Ipswich - Sturdy Grains/Barley
6) Wood-pasture:
Norwich - Livestock
Lowestoft - Fiber Crops (hemp growing region)
Bury - Lumber (the abbey of bury st edmunds had large woodland estates - there was a timber market in town)
Sudbury - Horses (there was regional horsebreeding as evidenced by the suffolk punch)
7) Clay lowland:
Huntingdon - Sturdy Grains/Barley

Changes:
Richmond - from livestock to lead
Leeds - from wild game to stone
Bradford (was Wakefield) - from stone to wool
Sheffield - from wool to coal
Northallerton - from wool to horses
York - from wheat to livestock
Sleaford - from nothing to wool
Beverley - from livestock to wool
Bridlington - from fiber crops to wool
Skegness - from fish to wool
Grantham (was Kesteven) from livestock to wool
Hull - from wool to fish
Doncaster - from nothing to fiber crops
Boston - from wool to fiber crops
Peterborough - from wheat to wool
Cambridge - from wool to clay
Lynn - from wool to fish
Fakenham - from nothing to sturdy grains/barley
Thetford - from nothing to wool
Ipswich - from wool to sturdy grains/barley
Norwich - from wool to livestock
Bury - from wheat to lumber
Sudbury - from nothing to horses

Justifications:
Richmond - There are plenty of locations with livestock and few with lead.
Leeds and Bradford (Wakefield) - Bramley stone appears to be in Leeds and not in Bradford/Wakefield.
Sheffield - Lots of wool, while there aren't many coal. The only concern that I can think of is perhaps having too much coal. This is only the second coal that I have put in England, which seems fine.
Northallerton - York was singled out as having two regions - a horse breeding region and a dairy region. With lots of wool, it made sense to put the horse breeding region in neighboring Northallerton.
York - From above, the dairy region is represented in York with livestock.
Sleaford - Region was known for "wool trade". Did that mean sheepherding? Hard to say, but when I do these updates, I try to roughly maintain the number of goods. Wool here helps to maintain number of wool locations.
Beverley - Wolds were known more for sheep than livestock.
Bridlington - Wolds were known for sheep. I didn't see any mention of flax/hemp in this region in the book nor with a quick google search.
Skegness and Hull - Based upon a fair bit of research (I tried to get the bottom of this), Hull appears to have been the more significant fishing port. It was definitely the more significant trading port.
Grantham - Upland regions often had wool, so it fit.
Doncaster - Flax/hemp were singled out in the book as thriving in drained fens.
Boston - Same.
Peterborough - Either livestock or wool makes the most sense. Another place known for the "wool trade", so I went with wool to try to maintain the number of wool locations.
Cambridge - Wiki says that Ely has been a center of pottery making for 700 years and that the area is known for clay quarrying.
Lynn - The searches that I did made out King's Lynn to be one of the greatest ports in Britain and that included fishing.
Fakenham - A couple sources supported barley here - one said Fakenham in particular was known for grains, while another said that northern Norfolk was known for barley.
Thetford - I couldn't find anything on Thetford itself, but Swaffham was known for the "wool trade" and I needed another wool.
Ipswich - The book says that Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk were known for their barley, so I wanted a barley in Suffolk. Plus, the Sandlings were supposed to have better soil/require less fertilizer from sheep, so seemed like a reasonable place.
Norwich - Norwich is in the wood-pasture region, so livestock (representing dairy farming) makes more sense than wool.
Bury - I spent sooo much time researching this. The book says that the region was a source for timber (from oak, ash, and hazel trees) that was floated along rivers/coastal vessels. It singles out ash for coopers making herring barrels. The Abbey of Bury St Edmunds having a lot of enclosed woodlands and the town having a timber market were the best source that I could find.
Sudbury - Suffolk punch was bred during the time period and not terribly late (early 16th century according to one source). You don't come up with a specialty breed of horse without some degree of horse-breeding in the region.

And that's it. As with the others, I'll likely do some re-balancing at the end. I'm getting a little burnt out, but only a couple left (excluding Wales). I may not do Wales because this is just taking too much time. We'll see.
 
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I like the idea of given better representation of the Marcher Lords and I think Owen Glendower's rebellion should be in game as something that can happen, but the latter should be something where the player has some agency in wether or not it happens rather than an outcome that always occurs. I understand that there has to be some scripted disasters in the game e.g. the black plague, but having too many bad events that will fire around time x no matter what you do gets really boring on your 100th+ play through of a country (if not much sooner) and takes away from the sandbox aspect of the game. Perhaps it could fire if the crown fails to establish a certain level of control over the principality and the Marcher Lords are weakened beyond a certain threshold, or something similar. That would avoid the situation where the player will need to deal with this rebellion in every game and can feel they have some agency over what happens.
I'm pretty sure what this will actually result in is that how to stop the rebellion from having any chance of happening will be "solved", every player will do it every game, the uprising will never happen, and that will just make the game more boring. Also when I attempt to play multiplayer with someone on England they will inevitably screw it up and demand that we restart the game.
 
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I'm pretty sure what this will actually result in is that how to stop the rebellion from having any chance of happening will be "solved", every player will do it every game, the uprising will never happen, and that will just make the game more boring. Also when I attempt to play multiplayer with someone on England they will inevitably screw it up and demand that we restart the game.
That depends how the options are formed; I think Vic3 is showing some good ways to do this. Basically, there is a choice to avoid the rebellion, but that choice itself has costs that hurt. Looking at the Opium Wars in Vic3, you now have the choice to either go to war with China (a hugely rich potential trade opportunity) or to severely piss off your main vassal state (the East India Company). Neither choice is very appealing, but you can choose which to take depending on what eventual objective you have in mind.
 
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I'm pretty sure what this will actually result in is that how to stop the rebellion from having any chance of happening will be "solved", every player will do it every game, the uprising will never happen, and that will just make the game more boring. Also when I attempt to play multiplayer with someone on England they will inevitably screw it up and demand that we restart the game.
Surely the player being able to avoid it every game is better than having to deal with the same annoying rebellion every game.
 
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I like the idea of given better representation of the Marcher Lords and I think Owen Glendower's rebellion should be in game as something that can happen, but the latter should be something where the player has some agency in wether or not it happens rather than an outcome that always occurs. I understand that there has to be some scripted disasters in the game e.g. the black plague, but having too many bad events that will fire around time x no matter what you do gets really boring on your 100th+ play through of a country (if not much sooner) and takes away from the sandbox aspect of the game. Perhaps it could fire if the crown fails to establish a certain level of control over the principality and the Marcher Lords are weakened beyond a certain threshold, or something similar. That would avoid the situation where the player will need to deal with this rebellion in every game and can feel they have some agency over what happens.
I'm pretty sure what this will actually result in is that how to stop the rebellion from having any chance of happening will be "solved", every player will do it every game, the uprising will never happen, and that will just make the game more boring. Also when I attempt to play multiplayer with someone on England they will inevitably screw it up and demand that we restart the game.
That depends how the options are formed; I think Vic3 is showing some good ways to do this. Basically, there is a choice to avoid the rebellion, but that choice itself has costs that hurt. Looking at the Opium Wars in Vic3, you now have the choice to either go to war with China (a hugely rich potential trade opportunity) or to severely piss off your main vassal state (the East India Company). Neither choice is very appealing, but you can choose which to take depending on what eventual objective you have in mind.
Surely the player being able to avoid it every game is better than having to deal with the same annoying rebellion every game.
I have to agree with Linbot and Balesir, not everything in history was avoidable too. Just 19 years before the start date Llywelyn Bren's revolt broke out against the Marcher lords in the South culminating in his 1318 execution and subsequently playing a major role in starting the Despenser war, Owain Lawgoch was firmly allied with the French ready to carry out an invasion of Wales before his assassination in 1378 with his retinue of Welsh freemen and Glyndwr found support easily for a reason, support for rallying against the Anglo-Normans was fiercly strong in Wales.

It could be argued that there were 2 key triggers for the war, the long standing animosity between native Welsh Marcher lords who were able to retain nominal power and that of the Anglo-Norman Marcher lords, many of whom felt that keeping the Welsh nobility around was a disgrace and did everything they could to antagonise them and remove them from whatever power was left in their hands.

"Nowhere was the spirit of conquest and of racial superiority so vigorously and selfishly kept alive as in the English boroughs. It was little wonder that they were the most consistent target of Welsh resentment throughout the fourteenth century" - R. R. Davies
Second Cause of the war - The Scottish Campaign: This was certainly the case with Reynold DeGrey, the primary instigator of hostilities against Owain Glyndwr. In starting the 1400 invasion of Scotland, King Henry IV demanded levies be raised by the Marcher lords, as DeGrey was the lord in charge of raising the levies in Wales, he saw an opportunity to steal land from Glyndwr by intentionally sending him the summons far too late to join the war in Scotland in time, thus making the King brand him a traitor, confiscating Glyndwrs lands and side with DeGrey on the land dispute.

The hostilities returned on the Welsh behalf were born out of resentment of English punitive and colonial rule within their Castle Walled Boroughs such as Conwy, Caernarfon, Aberystwyth, Harlech, Denbigh, Rhuddlan, Flint, Beaumaris, Hawarden and Builth. The Kingdom of England would draw in and reward settlers to colonise the area, harshly tax the native Welsh and exploit their resources whilst limiting any rights and landholding claims as possible in favour of their own conquering Anglo-Norman nobility (See more here). This had been an informal apartheid policy of the Anglo-Normans but was later codified, enshrining the mistreatment of the Welsh in law during and following the war of Independence in 1400-1415, with penal laws implemented as a form of punishment. These Penal laws again forced more Welsh nobility (Uchelwyr) into the open arms of the rebellion and further drove the cause of the war.

The war wasn't just a land dispute, it was the explosive cumulation of native resistance to marcher lordship encroachment on the rights, privileges and liberties of the native Welsh, even if Glyndwr had not been the standard barer of the resistance in this war, another would have likely taken up arms for similar reasons elsewhere as had happened multiple times in the last century. I don't think the war was avoidable, it may not have happened in the exact same timeframe, nor with the exact same leaders but it would have happened regardless.

To that end I'd say an event chain is the best form of representing this, starting with the disputes and fights between Grey De Ruthin appearing for all marcher lord tags and the Kingdom of England which increase the volatility in the region representing the first 3 years of the war, before the final event flips the Principality into the Kingdom of Wales under Owain Glyndwr in 1403, annexing other Glyndwr held land in the Marches, starting the in-game war and highlighting the year Glyndwr captured most of the castles in Wales and dominated most of it (If the player wishes to play as Glyndwr, he'd play as the Principality tag transition via the final event).
 
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