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Ooh, this is a spicy topic. I actually like it for what it is - the line go up simulator. The war front system works better for major wars in the 20th century. Applying it to 19th century warfare feels immersion breaking. What I hope they do is update system to have it shift from a army based system to front gradually as you unlock techs like Trench Warfare.
My bigger annoyance is Diplomatic Plays. Wish they just took the EU4 diplo system. Oh and Naval. Naval warfare sucks.
For learning the game, I recommend a compact nation with everything you need to industrialise - Belgium is my recommendation.
If the fragmented HRE exists in your timeline in Vic3, I wonder how it will work....
My bigger annoyance is Diplomatic Plays. Wish they just took the EU4 diplo system. Oh and Naval. Naval warfare sucks.
For learning the game, I recommend a compact nation with everything you need to industrialise - Belgium is my recommendation.
If the fragmented HRE exists in your timeline in Vic3, I wonder how it will work....
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Yeah, you don't have a big 'front' where huge million strong armies entrench every meter of it until WW1, because there's no need to and it's very expensive in men and money. It should only really become a thing when out of line of sight artillery becomes the norm, and an army can obliterate another without seeing it from miles away. At that point, you need to entrench.
So...sometime roughly in the late 1890s OTL/early 20th century (and we only noticed when two great powers actually went to war a decade later).
The tech tree being what it is, I suppose it could occur sooner, but it'd be such a big deal that the army wielding them in large numbers would become unbeatable until everyone else figured it out in a mad scramble. The land equivalent of HMS Dreadnought. I doubt any but the most industrious countries could manage such a feat before the last two decades of the 19th century no matter what, for supply, logistical and economic reasons.
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Akrotatos V (1440 AD – 1455 AD) – Part II
Akrotatos V (1440 AD – 1455 AD) – Part II
The birth of Akrotatos V's second daughter, Helene, in the early march of 1440s was a joyous event for the court in Satyria, though it did not bring the emperor the male heir he so desired. Empress Elyuva, surrounded by the care of court physicians and priests, gave birth to a healthy girl, named in honor of the emperor's grandmother, Helene Pekoules.
Despite the lack of a son, the birth of another daughter strengthened the empress's position, as her influence at court grew, particularly among the court ladies and the aristocratic faction. The emperor, though he did not hide his desire for a son, publicly celebrated the child's birth with lavish feasts and religious ceremonies in honor of Onomo.
However, despite the joy brought by Helene's birth, whispers about succession began to circulate at court. So far, Akrotatos V had fathered only two daughters—Euporia and the newborn Helene—while his younger brother, Spartokos, could already boast a son, known as Spartokos the Younger.
In 1441 AD, Akrotatos V decided to launch a military intervention against the Duchy of Opolye, justifying his actions with claims to the lands of Kamenda, which, according to imperial law, were to belong to the Tauric Empire. Tylmech IV, the ruler of Opolye, rejected the emperor's demands, providing the direct pretext for the conflict.
The war between the Grand Duchy of Taurica and the Duchy of Opolye and its allies began in the spring of 1441, when Akrotatos V led his armies to the northern borderlands. The campaign aimed to quickly seize the lands of Kamenda, but unexpected support for Opolye from the Kingdom of Finland and the grand duchies of the Androphagia and Odoyev Empires complicated the situation.
The war turned into a prolonged conflict, with both sides attempting to tip the scales of victory in their favor. Fighting mainly took place along the border, and the region quickly turned into war-torn lands, where both soldiers and civilians suffered the hardships of the prolonged conflict.
The first major clash occurred near Penza, where a 30,000-strong imperial army faced 28,000 allied troops led by Odoyev. Despite fierce fighting, neither side achieved a decisive victory.
A similar situation occurred in July 1442, when Akrotatos V's forces clashed with the enemy near Kasimov. Despite tactical superiority, the imperial troops failed to break the resistance of Opolye's allies, resulting in another inconclusive outcome.
The fighting intensified, and both sides increasingly used newly emerging firearms—primitive arquebuses and cannons, which, though still imperfect, began to influence the course of battles and heralded changes in the art of war.
The turning point came in November 1442 during the Battle of Kamenda, where Akrotatos V personally led his troops to victory. A well-coordinated attack and superior organization of the imperial forces led to the defeat of the enemy and forced their retreat. After this victory, the emperor launched a series of sieges on cities and fortresses. Penza, Kasimov, and Kamenda fell one after another, and their capture opened the way for peace negotiations.
The signing of the peace treaty in the spring of 1443 AD, was a victory for Akrotatos V and his military strategy. The Duchy of Opolye, which had suffered the greatest losses during the two-year war, was forced to cede the lands of Kamenda, Penza, and Kasimov to the Grand Duchy of Taurica. Additionally, the treaty imposed on Opolye the obligation to pay war reparations for the next ten years and a one-time tribute of 26 gold obols, a significant burden on its treasury.
Despite the military success, the emperor chose not to punish the grand duchies of Androphagia and Odoyev, which had supported Tylmech IV in the war. This was a political decision—Akrotatos V understood that punishing these states could lead to internal tensions and potential rebellion against his rule.
The war was remembered not only as another military victory for the young emperor but also as the first campaign in which firearms played a significant role. Though the technology was still in its infancy, the appearance of primitive arquebuses and cannons began to change the way wars were fought. Akrotatos V, however, did not fully grasp the potential of this new technology, which would influence future conflicts.
The years 1443–1448 AD were a period of peace and preparation for the war Akrotatos V had long planned—his target was the Golden Horde. In March 1444, a delegation of merchants arrived at the imperial palace in Satyria to formally protest against the abuses of the minor nobility. The merchants complained that the petty nobility, exploiting their privileges, imposed excessive tolls and engaged in looting along trade routes.
In some cases, traveling merchants were detained on trivial pretexts, and their goods were confiscated or subjected to additional fees, significantly hindering trade within the Grand Duchy of Taurica.
After carefully listening to the merchants' arguments and conducting an internal investigation, the emperor decided to take decisive action. In April 1444, he issued a decree prohibiting the minor nobility from imposing excessive tolls. At the same time, he established special commissions to monitor the actions of local feudal lords and ensure compliance with the new law. The penalty for violating the decree was the confiscation of property and, in cases of severe abuse, the loss of noble titles.
The emperor's decision met with mixed reactions—merchants and townsfolk welcomed it enthusiastically, seeing it as protection for their interests, while the minor nobility expressed dissatisfaction. In some regions, there was open resistance, and even sporadic clashes between imperial envoys and local lords.
Akrotatos V, unwavering in the face of rebellious tendencies, ordered harsh punishments for those who defied his will. As a result, the 1444 decree not only improved trade conditions in the state but also strengthened the emperor's position as a ruler capable of curbing feudal privileges for the good of the entire realm. This was one of the measures that prepared the country for the future war with the Golden Horde, reinforcing central authority over the various estates.
Akrotatos V's favoritism toward the merchant class created favorable conditions for the development of trading dynasties, one of the most powerful of which became the Komnenos family. Its head, Antiochos Komnenos, took advantage of the new political and economic situation to make his hometown of Urghat one of the key trading hubs on the Caspian Sea.
Thanks to imperial protection and favorable decrees regulating customs duties, his trading galleys could freely travel between Taurica and the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. He quickly gained a monopoly on trade between the north and south of the region, becoming one of the wealthiest men of his time.
A key direction of Antiochos Komnenos's trade expansion was the Kingdom of Kurus, located in the southern Caucasus. His ships regularly docked at the ports of Baku and Sumgait, exporting goods such as spices, wine, olive oil, and fine fabrics.
In return, they transported furs, amber, and precious metals from the northern frontiers of Taurica. The Komnenos merchants also established relations with Persian princes, allowing them to expand their operations to the Mazandaran coast, where they traded horses, carpets, and exotic goods from the interior of Iran. Thanks to his influence and wealth, Antiochos became not only a leading figure among merchants but also a person of significant political importance.
The arrival of Siga Sapmi at the imperial court in Satyria in 1447 AD was an event of great political and personal significance. As a close cousin and friend of Empress Elyuva and the daughter of Katun III, ruler of the Duchy of Tara, her visit aimed not only to check on the living conditions of Elyuva and her sister Sibel but also to strengthen ties between their homeland and the Tauric Empire.
Siga was an exceptionally confident and charismatic woman, quickly earning the favor of both court members and the emperor himself. Akrotatos V received her with great honors, seeing her as an excellent opportunity to strengthen relations with her father and potentially expand imperial influence into the eastern steppes.
One of the most fascinating aspects of Siga was her passion for falconry, though instead of traditional falcons, she used a tamed giant eagle owl, which sparked great interest at court. Her skill in controlling this majestic bird and her prowess in hunting impressed the Tauric aristocracy, who watched her performances with admiration.
During her stay, she participated in numerous hunts organized by the emperor, demonstrating her extraordinary mastery of the craft. During these moments, she grew particularly close to Akrotatos V, who appreciated her skill and precision.
Siga's stay in the Tauric Empire lasted several months, and her presence significantly contributed to warming relations between the Grand Duchy of Taurica and the Duchy of Tara. Akrotatos V used this time to showcase the might of his state, taking her through the largest cities, fortifications, and rich temples, displaying both the military strength and cultural development of Taurica. By the end of her visit, both sides reached an agreement on closer cooperation, which promised to bring both trade and political benefits.
Siga's visit to the Tauric Empire was, in fact, the result of secret correspondence between Akrotatos V and Katun III, ruler of the Duchy of Tara. While the official purpose of her journey was to check on the living conditions of her cousins Elyuva and Sibel, the true intent was to assess the political situation on both sides.
The Tauric emperor wanted reliable information about the state of the Golden Horde and the loyalty of its tributary duchies to evaluate whether his planned attack would face widespread resistance. In turn, Katun III sent Siga not only as an emissary but also as a spy to assess whether Akrotatos V was a worthy ally and whether his empire truly possessed the strength needed to confront the Horde.
The meetings, conversations, and observations Siga conducted during her stay were crucial for future relations between Taurica and the eastern duchies, and their results could influence the balance of power in the coming war. Siga left Taurica with grand gifts, and her relationship with the emperor and empress would bear further fruit in shaping alliances on the eastern frontiers of the empire.
The war that the ruler of the Tuaric Empire had planned and prepared for began in the year 1448 AD. The outbreak of the conflict between the Gray and Golden Hordes in 1448 provided Akrotatos V with the perfect opportunity to launch a long-planned attack on a weakened enemy.
As early as mid-1447 AD, Tauric merchants, particularly those associated with Antiochos Komnenos, reported on the tense situation in Central Asia, where the rivalry between nomadic powers was gradually escalating into open conflict.
The Tauric Emperor, who had been preparing his state for war for years, knew that the time to strike had come. The Golden Horde, engaged in battles with its southern rival, was unprepared for another front, making it vulnerable to a sudden attack.
In the early spring months of 1448, the imperial army, numbering over 50,000 soldiers, launched an offensive into the Horde's territories. Akrotatos V personally took command of the campaign, leading his troops across the steppes.
The war between the Tauric Empire and the Golden Horde, lasting from 1448 to 1452, was a series of brutal clashes fought across the vast steppes of Central Asia. Although Akrotatos V initially achieved rapid successes, he soon encountered difficulties due to the mobility of the Tatar forces and the challenging terrain.
The first months of the war brought victories to the imperial forces in battles near Samarak, where the Tauridians managed to defeat local Golden Horde troops and capture border fortifications. Thanks to superior organization and heavy cavalry, the imperial armies succeeded in pitched battles, but their progress was slowed by the need to secure conquered territories and maintain supply lines in the harsh, unforgiving climate of the steppe.
In 1449, the first major setbacks occurred. The imperial army, pursuing retreating Tatar forces, was lured into an ambush near the Yaik River. A sudden counterattack by Tatar warriors, supported by light cavalry from allied tribes, resulted in a painful defeat for the Tauridians, with significant losses and some units being scattered and forced to retreat.
Despite this failure, Akrotatos V did not abandon his plans. The following year, he focused on rebuilding his forces and resuming the offensive, this time adopting a more cautious approach. The key battle took place near Turgai in 1450, where the imperial forces fully utilized their numerical advantage and defeated the main Tatar army, forcing them to retreat deeper into the steppe.
Despite these victories, the war began to drag on, and the political situation within Taurica itself grew increasingly tense. Akrotatos V, aware of the growing discontent among the nobility and military commanders, realized that a prolonged conflict could threaten his position.
Additionally, in the south, the Golden Horde was still at war with the Gray Horde, which meant that further imperial military actions could draw Taurica into an even broader conflict. In 1451, a series of smaller skirmishes and sieges took place, but neither side was able to gain a decisive advantage. Eventually, both sides began to see the necessity of ending the fighting. In early 1452, a peace treaty was signed, establishing new borders on the eastern frontiers of the Tauric Empire.
The peace treaty signed on April 11, 1452, cemented the territorial success of the Tauric Empire, which gained control over the regions of Chelyaba, Agyidel, Iglino, and Nugush, strengthening its dominion over the eastern frontiers. Additionally, Akrotatos V secured a significant tribute of 99 gold obols, highlighting the financial weakening of the Golden Horde.
Despite this formal peace, the Golden Horde continued to struggle in its devastating war against the Gray Horde, accelerating its gradual decline. The events of this war marked the beginning of the slow but inevitable decline of the Tatar state, which over the following decades of the second half of the 15th century lost more and more territories to neighboring powers.
The establishment of the first settlements in the Siberian taiga between 1452 and 1454 AD was a important event in the history of the Tauric Empire's expansion. Fort Komi and Fort Berezov, located in the remote and wild regions of Siberia, became pioneering trading posts that would set the future direction of colonization.
Despite the harsh climate and difficult conditions, Tauric settlers, supported by the imperial administration, began building fortified outposts to protect themselves from attacks by wild animals and nomadic tribes, as well as to facilitate trade with the indigenous peoples of these lands.
The first contact between Tauric settlers and the local Samoyed population quickly led to cultural exchange. The Samoyed people, living deep in the taiga and sustaining themselves through hunting and fishing, were deeply impressed by the religious rituals of Onomarchism, whose mystical rites and priestly hierarchy resonated with their traditional beliefs.
As a result, a significant portion of the indigenous population began voluntarily converting to the new religion, adopting Tauric customs and submitting to imperial authority. This process occurred gradually, but within a few years, a substantial number of Samoyeds recognized the emperor's sovereignty.
Meanwhile, Fort Berezov gained particular importance due to the discovery of rich copper deposits and access to highly valuable furs. Tauric merchants quickly recognized the immense potential of these resources, attracting new settlers and even minor nobles interested in profiting from trade.
Berezov soon became a major trading hub, where the local Ugric population and Tauric settlers established close relationships. Unlike the more aggressive methods of expansion used in other regions, colonization here proceeded peacefully, with mutual cooperation fostering the region's development.
The migration of people from the heart of the Tauric Empire also played a significant role in populating the new settlements. In Berezov and Komi, the first wooden temples of Onomarchism were built, further encouraging the local population to integrate into the imperial administrative system. Recognizing the success of colonization, the imperial government began sending additional craftsmen, priests, and soldiers to ensure the stability of the newly acquired territories.
Despite the harsh living conditions, the development of the Siberian taiga colonies demonstrated the growing expansionist ambitions of Akrotatos V. The emperor saw Siberia not only as land to be settled but also as a future source of wealth that could bolster the empire's economy. The success of the first colonies reinforced his belief that further eastward expansion was possible, provided adequate logistical support and protection for the settlers.
The years 1452–1454 AD thus marked the beginning of a new chapter in the history of the Tauric Empire—the colonization of Siberia. Fort Komi and Berezov became the seeds of future imperial presence in these lands, and their development set a precedent for subsequent settlement expeditions.
The early 1450s AD saw the birth of the Renaissance—a new philosophical, cultural, and artistic movement that originated on the Italian Peninsula and gradually spread across the European continent.
The Renaissance drew inspiration from antiquity, emphasizing the development of science, art, and humanism, leading to profound changes in the way people thought and perceived the world. Thanks to inventions such as the movable-type printing press, Renaissance ideas could quickly reach broader segments of society, influencing the development of architecture, literature, and painting.
The flourishing of patronage by noble families contributed to the creation of outstanding works of art, and the revival of studies on humanity and nature marked the beginning of a new era in science and philosophy. Although initially associated with Italy, the Renaissance spread to other parts of Europe in the following decades, leaving a lasting mark on the history of culture and human thought.
In April 1454 AD, Grand Duke Miklos III, ruler of the Grand Duchy of Sura, sent a letter to Akrotatos V that became the direct cause of a conflict. In his correspondence, Miklos III openly insulted the emperor by suggesting the lowly origins of his mother, which was tantamount to undermining his authority and right to the throne.
This insult could not go unanswered—Akrotatos V, for whom the honor of his dynasty was of utmost importance, immediately summoned his advisors and military commanders and decided to launch a campaign against the Duchy of Sura.
By the summer of 1454, the imperial army had crossed the borders of the duchy, beginning a campaign aimed at punishing Miklos III.
The death of Akrotatos V ( at 37) during the siege of Etkara on February 11, 1455 AD, was the tragic culmination of his ambitious reign. The emperor, known for his bold but often reckless nature, personally led his soldiers during the assault on the city walls. Although his commanders advised caution and a more methodical approach to the siege, Akrotatos V sought a swift victory to end the conflict with Sura.
It was this impatience that proved to be his undoing—during the fighting, he was struck by a bullet from a primitive arquebus, a testament to the changing nature of warfare and the growing importance of firearms.
Despite the chaos that followed the loss of their leader on the battlefield, his generals managed to regain control and bring the siege to a successful conclusion, capturing Etkara. However, the death of Akrotatos V left the empire in a state of uncertainty—he had no male heir, meaning the throne passed to his younger brother, Spartokos IX. The transition of power occurred without significant opposition, as the Zoticid dynasty still enjoyed strong support from the aristocracy and military.
This dynasty needs to either allow women to inherit, or get better at siring male heirs. Because otherwise they'll die out at some point.
I very much concur. They do not seem in having much good fortune at the whole "male heir" business.
I agree with your opinions about the presentation of wars and diplomacy in Victori3. This game is really an economic game and even here I am not sure if it does it well because I do not know if there are any economic and market collapses present. HRE was converted as a power block. Diplomacy is probably, supposed to be subject to changes this year, maybe.
No dynasty or family rules forever. So far, when I played, almost every time my ruler died, I immediately got an heir and a wife from the local nobility.
To be fair, there is a big problem with modelling 18th and 19th century global trade and economics and industry...one country can and did dominate all three to such an extent that the other powers are relegated to competing for a distant second place, at least until massive nation states like the US, Russia and unified Germany begin to claw into the UK market lead.
In game, if you set things up properly in the early years, Britain basically cannot lose, has infinite wealth, and unlike reality, is led by one supreme intelligence throughout a century more of development. There's no competing with that if you stick to anything historically focused.
Big deal market collapses should be starting to kick in around the 1870s onwards, as most powers have begun industrialising, growth is skyrocketing but also vulnerable in a way it never has been before, and the Labour movement really starts demanding change as soon as the first crash happens.
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the fundamental problem with Victoria 3 is that you're not playing as the state, you're playing as the "spirit of the nation" and can do things that the actual state would never do. in Victoria 2, sure, you can self-sabotage to bring about a communist revolution (maybe that's what Nicholas ii was doing otl) but you can't simply click a become communist button like you can in 3. it's just a very non-immersive game unfortunately
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Thanks for the information, for now it's still a song of the future. I hope that this year they will change Victoria 3 in terms of diplomacy. The only huge plus for me is the ability to change the names of cities and provinces directly in the game. For now we will focus on the description and finishing this part 3. I hope to start part 4 in the second half of the year, October/November maybe earlier.
And now a little info after 1500 AD I plan a series of special chapters.
- 1500 state of the world
- 1500 Taurica empire
- Renaissance in general and in Taurica
- First geographical expeditions of discoveries divided into 2 parts concerning Adberia and Memoriana
- Technological developments on the battlefields
Spartokos IX (1455 AD – 1473 AD)
Spartokos IX (1455 AD – 1473 AD)
Spartokos IX (aged 36) ascended to the throne of the Grand Duchy of Taurica at a difficult time, as the state was embroiled in a war with the Grand Duchy of Sura. His coronation, which took place in early 1455, occurred in an atmosphere of tension and uncertainty, but the new emperor quickly proved capable of meeting the challenges before him.
His election by the electors of Gelts and Styr, along with his own votes and the support of the fiefs of Gorgippia and Phanagoria, indicated his strong position within the state's structures. Although he assumed the throne following the tragic death of his brother, his reign from the outset took on a more stable and deliberate character. Spartokos IX decided to continue the war with Sura to avenge the insult to his mother and restore the authority of the dynasty.
Spartokos IX was distinguished by his exceptional diplomatic and administrative talents, which allowed him to effectively strengthen the empire's position both internally and externally. He was a skilled negotiator, capable of forging advantageous alliances while balancing the interests of the grand princes of the Tauric Empire to secure his family's position within its structures. His ability to manage the administration of the grand duchy led to significant territorial reforms. His fiscal and military reforms increased state revenues and improved the efficiency of the army.
Although naturally inclined toward diplomacy and administration, Spartokos IX fully understood the importance of military affairs. From a young age, he surrounded himself with experienced commanders and actively participated in the campaigns of his brother, Akrotatos V.
Serving by his brother's side, he gained valuable experience in the art of war, learning tactics, strategy, and campaign logistics. As a ruler, he demonstrated pragmatism, appointing the best commanders to key military positions and implementing army reforms to enhance its effectiveness.
His ability to analyze battlefield situations and make quick decisions meant that, despite lacking a natural military talent, he became a competent commander who could lead his troops to victory.
In essence, the new ruler of the grand duchy and empire was a man of broad education and skills, as well as a great patron of art and science. His passion for culture and philosophy made the imperial court a center of Renaissance revival in Taurica.
The emperor supported artists, architects, and scholars, funding the construction of new palaces, libraries, and academies. Thanks to his efforts, music, literature, and philosophy flourished, and Taurica became one of the key cultural hubs of the developing Renaissance. Spartokos IX himself was well-educated—he was interested in history, theology, and art, and his personal collection of manuscripts was one of the richest in the empire.
Spartokos IX and his wife, Empress Sibel Sapmi, formed a strong foundation for the dynasty, ensuring the continuity of power through their numerous offspring. At the time of his ascension, they already had five children: two sons, Spartokos the Younger and Eumelos, and three daughters, Helene, Euporia, and Mika. Although preoccupied with state affairs, the emperor ensured his children received a proper upbringing, particularly in preparation for future rule and dynastic alliances.
Their education included both the humanities and military training, and the children grew up surrounded by scholars, artists, and strategists, preparing them for future responsibilities.
Unfortunately, not all of the imperial couple's children lived to adulthood. Their third son, Akrotatos, and fourth daughter, Sibel, died in infancy due to health complications, which was a heavy blow to the royal family.
However, this loss did not weaken the dynasty's position, as the surviving children still provided a solid line of succession. Empress Sibel played a direct role in politics, primarily in diplomacy, and had a significant influence on shaping the imperial family's image. She also engaged in charitable activities, supporting orphanages and religious foundations.
An important figure at court was Elyuva Sapmi, the widow of the tragically deceased Akrotatos V. Spartokos IX, appreciating her position and family ties, ensured her a comfortable life through a lifelong stipend and a residence near Tanais. Although Elyuva was no longer empress, her influence at court did not wane, and her presence symbolized the stability of the dynasty. Despite her personal tragedy, she remained loyal to the new emperor and supported his policies.
Elyuva's two daughters by Akrotatos V became key tools in Spartokos IX's dynastic politics. He used their hands in strategic marriages to strengthen ties with the electors of Gelts and Styr, solidifying the Zoticid dynasty's position and ensuring greater stability in the state.
The war with the Grand Duchy of Sura, sparked by Miklos III's insulting letter to Akrotatos V, ended in March 1455 with a complete triumph for the Grand Duchy of Taurica. Spartokos IX, newly seated on the throne, demonstrated not only military effectiveness but also exceptional diplomatic and administrative skills.
After a series of sieges, imperial forces captured key Sura fortresses, forcing its army to surrender. The Grand Duchy of Sura was fully incorporated into the Zoticid domain, marking the end of its sovereignty and the strengthening of central authority.
Miklos III and his family, fearing Spartokos IX's ruthless retribution, had no choice but to flee beyond the empire's borders. Stripped of their lands, titles, and influence, the members of the ducal family sought refuge in distant lands, hoping for the mercy of foreign rulers.
Spartokos IX, aiming to set an example for other nobles who might challenge his authority, confiscated all the properties of the fugitive family and directly subordinated their former vassals to his rule.
The first years of Spartokos IX's reign were a period of constant challenges related to the internal stabilization of the empire. The territorial expansion under his brother, Akrotatos V, and previous rulers had led to the incorporation of numerous peoples with diverse traditions, languages, and beliefs into the empire.
Among the new subjects were followers of local cults as well as adherents of various religious movements, such as Goktanrism and Manichaeism, which quickly became a source of tension and social unrest. In 1456, the first major uprisings occurred—a rebellion in Izhkar, where the Udmurtians opposed the new administrative order, and an uprising in Agyidel, sparked by fanatical Goktanrist zealots who saw imperial rule as a threat to their faith.
In the following years, the wave of rebellions did not subside. Between 1457 and 1458, a series of local revolts broke out on the empire's northern frontiers, further straining imperial garrisons and the state treasury. In Kudymkar, at the beginning of 1457, the population, sympathetic to Bjarmaland, rebelled, hoping for external support. However, the imperial army quickly and brutally suppressed the revolt, and the rebellion's leaders were punished with confiscation of property and exile.
Later that year, a Manichaean uprising erupted in Nugush, which had recently been annexed from the Golden Horde. The local population, reluctant to accept the new authority, took up arms, but a successful campaign by General Leonippos Demetrakis crushed the rebellion within a few months.
At the beginning of 1458, another serious revolt broke out in Etkara—a city that had been the site of Akrotatos V's tragic death just a few years earlier. The local population, still hostile to the new rule, rose up against the empire, hoping to regain independence.
Spartokos IX immediately dispatched troops but also adopted a more flexible approach—after quelling the uprising, he avoided mass reprisals and instead restored some local privileges, granting the townspeople greater influence over city governance. This tactic proved effective and allowed for the region's quicker reintegration.
The years 1459–1460 AD were also marked by unrest. In Pobeda and Vetluga, two major rebellions erupted, driven by dissatisfaction among the local aristocracy with the centralization policies of the Grand Duchy of Taurica. Local rulers, accustomed to significant autonomy, opposed new decrees that limited their influence and increased the powers of imperial governors.
These uprisings were more political than ethnic or religious in nature, and their leaders did not seek complete secession from the empire but rather the preservation of their privileges. Spartokos IX acted thoughtfully—he not only suppressed the rebellion with force but also granted selective amnesty to those who renounced further resistance.
The emperor's strategy toward uprisings was varied—depending on their nature, he employed both brutal force and subtle conciliatory policies. Religious uprisings and those inspired by external forces were treated with full severity, and their participants could expect no mercy.
In cases where rebels were motivated by local political or economic interests, the emperor was able to find compromises, offering reforms and concessions in exchange for loyalty.
During the years 1455–1460 AD, significant global events occurred, driven by discoveries and economic changes in other parts of the world.
One of the key developments that resonated among imperial merchants and aristocrats was the emergence of a new diamond-cutting technique known as faceting. News of this breakthrough came from the Kingdom of Liang, in the Nanyang province, where craftsmen developed a method to enhance the clarity and brilliance of diamonds.
This new cutting and polishing technique made the stones even more desirable among elites and wealthy traders, driving up their value. The increased demand for diamonds and their rising prices prompted imperial merchants to seek new trade routes to the East.
Merchants from the empire, recognizing the growing demand for diamonds in Western Europe, began importing expertly cut stones from the Kingdom of Liang and other Chinese states, hoping for high profits from their sale in Western markets. Their trade expeditions to the East not only brought valuable goods but also provided crucial information about the political situation in Asia.
Reports indicated that the Yuan dynasty, which had ruled China since the Mongol conquests, had lost power, and in its place, numerous independent Chinese kingdoms had emerged, experiencing a period of dynamic cultural and economic development.
In Europe, meanwhile, interest in and demand for beaver fur hats surged, leading to increased demand for this raw material, including in the Tauric Empire. In the Kingdom of Norway, the fashion for hats made from dense, waterproof beaver pelts reached its peak, causing a sharp rise in the prices of these goods in Scandinavia and Western Europe.
Taurica, with its vast hunting grounds in the northern provinces where beavers were abundant, saw this as a significant economic opportunity. Merchants and nobles began organizing expeditions into forests and rivers, where local trappers and mercenaries engaged in intensive fur harvesting.
The growing trade in beaver pelts brought substantial profits to the empire, particularly in cities like Tanais and Pantikapaion, where these goods were first collected before being traded at large fairs and wholesale transactions with merchants from other parts of Europe.
Spartokos IX quickly recognized the value of this trade and began imposing tariffs and regulating exports to derive additional benefits from the expanding market. As a result, Taurica became one of the main suppliers of beaver pelts for European aristocracy, strengthening its position as a trade power bridging East and West.
In the second half of the 15th century, the growing demand for paper became a key phenomenon, driven by the increasing complexity of administrative systems in developing states. Expanding bureaucratic structures required more efficient record-keeping, making paper an essential commodity.
In the Tauric Empire, its importance grew with the intensification of diplomatic and economic correspondence, as well as the development of education and literature. Merchants and craftsmen began organizing specialized workshops for producing high-quality paper, often drawing inspiration from Chinese and Iranian techniques.
The flourishing trade in this material made Taurcia a key intermediary in its distribution to the West, where parchment remained the dominant, more expensive, and less practical writing medium.
A diplomatic incident in February 1461 could have become a serious problem for Spartokos IX when, during an official audience at the imperial court in Satyria, a high-ranking official inadvertently insulted a diplomat from the Grand Duchy of Greater Olbe.
The situation caused tension, as the Grand Duchy was a key neighbor and potential trade partner of Taurica. The official's careless words, interpreted as a slight against the guest, could have led to a diplomatic crisis.
Spartokos IX, known for his political acumen, immediately took action to defuse the conflict. He personally apologized to the offended diplomat, presenting him with valuable gifts and organizing a special banquet in his honor, demonstrating his respect for the duchy and its ruler.
Thanks to the emperor's swift intervention, the incident not only did not weaken relations with the Grand Duchy of Greater Olbe but actually improved them. By showcasing his diplomatic skill, Spartokos IX not only strengthened ties with Olbe but also sent a clear signal to other neighbors of the Grand Duchy of Taurica that his state was committed to cooperation and dialogue. In later years, this episode was often cited as an example of the emperor's masterful diplomacy.
The years 1461–1462 proved that Empress Sibel was an active participant in imperial politics. Thanks to her education and diplomatic skills, she played a key role in negotiations with neighboring states. In particular, she contributed to strengthening relations with the electors of Gelts and Styr, where she sent her two eldest daughters, Helene and Euporia, to secure important dynastic marriages.
This helped her ease tensions and strengthen her husband's position. Additionally, the empress engaged in talks with Western merchants and envoys, aiding in the development of trade and securing strategic partners for the empire.
One of her greatest successes during this period was negotiating agreements with powerful aristocratic families that had initially viewed Spartokos IX's centralizing reforms with suspicion.
Sibel, using her diplomatic talent, managed to convince some of the nobles to cooperate by organizing meetings, banquets, and private discussions that led to compromises beneficial to both the crown and the aristocracy. Her ability to conduct subtle politics and mediate disputes made her a key pillar of imperial power and one of her husband's most important advisors.
Process of urbanization in the Grand Duchy of Taurica accelerated in second half of the 15th century, slowly transforming the empire's social and economic structure. Cities grew as centers of trade, craftsmanship, and administration, attracting masses of peasants seeking better living and working conditions.
The rise in urban populations fostered the creation of new guilds and strengthened the position of the wealthy bourgeoisie, which began to play an increasingly important role in the economy. However, the nobility, for whom peasants were the primary source of labor on their estates, began to see this as a threat.
Faced with growing complaints from the nobility, on July 11, 1463 AD, a group of influential aristocrats submitted an official petition to Emperor Spartokos IX, demanding restrictions on peasant migration to cities. The ruler, seeking to balance the interests of the nobility with the need for urban development, issued an edict limiting the mobility of peasants living on private lands.
The new law prohibited them from freely moving to cities without their lords' consent, aiming to curb the outflow of labor from estates. However, the emperor did not extend this edict to peasants living on crown lands, allowing him to continue benefiting from urbanization while avoiding complete submission to aristocratic demands.
Seleukos Gabras was one of the most brilliant minds of the Tauric Renaissance, a man of extraordinary versatility, combining humanistic knowledge with a deep understanding of military and administrative matters. He began his career in the state structures during the reign of Antialkidas II, Spartokos IX's father, gradually climbing the ranks and gaining increasing influence at the imperial court.
He was valued for his loyalty, intelligence, and ability to analyze problems from a long-term perspective. Thanks to these qualities, Spartokos IX entrusted him with key tasks in the government, particularly in military reforms and technological innovations aimed at securing Taurica's advantage over its neighbors.
Seleukos Gabras's greatest achievement was his vision of modernizing the army through the introduction of firearms, particularly bombards—powerful siege cannons capable of demolishing fortress walls.
He recognized that traditional methods of warfare were changing. He was among the first to realize that a state failing to adapt to this new reality would quickly fall behind militarily. His proposal to create specialized engineering and siege units within the army, responsible for producing and operating bombards, gained the emperor's approval, who saw it as a crucial step for the future of the Grand Duchy of Taurica.
Under Gabras's supervision, the production of the first bombards began in imperial workshops, drawing on the expertise of Western and Eastern craftsmen. Skilled metal casters were brought in to improve cannon designs, and techniques for casting barrels were developed to enhance their durability and accuracy.
Additionally, Seleukos Gabras oversaw the creation of specialized artillery units responsible for transporting, maintaining, and operating these advanced war machines. Training programs were introduced to teach soldiers how to use the new weapons, making the imperial army one of the most modern in the region within a few years.
The war against Bjarmaland, which began on April 9, 1466 AD, was not only another stage in the territorial expansion of the Grand Duchy of Taurica but also the first test for the newly developed bombards, which were set to revolutionize siege warfare.
The pretext for the conflict was long-standing border disputes in the empire's northern frontiers, where local rulers of Bjarmaland contested the boundaries established by Taurica. Spartokos IX, aware of the strategic importance of these lands and their natural resources, decided to strike.
The outbreak of the Third Northern War in 1466 AD was a consequence of earlier tensions between the Grand Duchy of Taurica and the Kingdom of Bjarmaland, which escalated after Taurica initiated a war over disputed territories.
Faced with the threat, king of Bjarmaland Ziko I, secured support from the Kingdom of Finland, Estonia, and the Principality of Ural, turning the conflict into a large-scale theater of war encompassing much of northeastern Europe.
Tauric strategists quickly determined that the key to victory lay in capturing Bjarmaland's northern fortresses. Spartokos IX personally oversaw the military preparations, relying on the military reforms implemented by Seleukos Garbas, particularly the use of modern siege artillery.
The first phase of the war involved a swift Tauric offensive into Bjarmaland's southern territories. A pivotal early battle was the siege of Viatka in early 1467, where the new bombards proved their effectiveness by breaching the city's defensive walls within two months.
The fall of Viatka opened the way for imperial troops to advance deeper into the kingdom, and over the following months, Tauric forces captured several fortresses. In response, Finland and Estonia sent their armies to support Bjarmaland, stretching the conflict and forcing Spartokos IX to divide his forces.
In the spring of 1468, Finnish armies crossed Taurica's northern border. The Battle of Lalsk, fought in the summer of that year, became one of the war's turning points. The Tauric army, led by Strategos Alexios Phokas, repelled the Finnish-Estonian forces, leveraging superior organization.
After the defeat at Lalsk, Finnish and Estonian troops withdrew, but their actions delayed the main Tauridic forces, allowing Bjarmaland to consolidate its defenses in the north.
In 1469, the conflict shifted eastward as the Principality of Ural, allied with Bjarmaland, launched an offensive into the border regions of the Grand Duchy of Taurcia. Spartokos IX, unable to allow another front to open, dispatched an expeditionary force under General Antipatros Lysimachos, which repelled the Ural forces in a series of winter battles.
The final phase of the war occurred between 1470 and 1471, when Tauridic armies launched a decisive northern offensive toward the key fortresses of Ust-Vym and Ust-Sysolsk. The sieges of these cities lasted from October 1470 to May 1471 and were among the most challenging of the entire campaign. Fierce winter fighting and supply shortages for the defenders ultimately led to their surrender.
The peace treaty signed on April 20, 1471 AD, sealed the triumph of the Grand Duchy of Taurica in the Third Northern War, significantly expanding its territory at the expense of Bjarmaland and the Principality of Ural. Under the agreement, the lands of Viatka, Ust-Vym, Ust-Sysolsk, Lalsk, and Syktyvkar were incorporated into the Tauric domain, strengthening its control over the north.
The Principality of Ural completely lost its independence and was absorbed into the Zoticid dynasty, ending its existence as an independent political entity. Additionally, the Kingdom of Bjarmaland was forced to pay a high tribute of 80 gold obols. This peace not only solidified Spartokos IX as the dominant ruler of northeastern Europe but also opened new prospects for the trade and military expansion of the Grand Duchy of Taurica.
The introduction of a new tax in 1472 AD by Spartokos IX was one of the important steps in the centralization process of the Tauric Empire. This reform imposed on the grand princes the obligation to make regular payments to the imperial treasury, significantly strengthening the monarch's position at the expense of regional rulers.
This was the culmination of nearly two decades of intense diplomacy by Spartokos IX. The new law faced resistance, but the emperor's skillful politics, supported by the dynastic marriages of his daughters and the deft actions of Empress Sibel, secured the support of key electors and weakened opposition.
This reform had far-reaching consequences, making imperial power more financially independent and limiting the potential for political rebellion by the grand princes. A steady source of income enabled the development of the administration, military, and further investments in the empire's infrastructure.
The death of Spartokos IX (at the age of 54) on March 10, 1473, marked the end of one of the most successful reigns of the Zoticid dynasty. His rule was characterized by administrative and military reforms, as well as spectacular victories on the battlefield. After his death, the throne was inherited by his eldest son, Spartokos X, who, through election, officially gained the title of emperor.
His election was secured by the support of the electors of Styr and Gelts, as well as the votes controlled directly by the Grand Duchy of Taurica and its dependent fiefs—Gorgippia and Phanagoria. The new ruler, Spartokos X, ascended the throne during a time of relative stability, though external and internal challenges persisted.
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The princes continue to support their own downfall... Taurica is lucky to have such docile subjects.
The introduction of a new tax in 1472 AD by Spartokos IX was one of the important steps in the centralization process of the Tauric Empire. This reform imposed on the grand princes the obligation to make regular payments to the imperial treasury, significantly strengthening the monarch's position at the expense of regional rulers.
This was the culmination of nearly two decades of intense diplomacy by Spartokos IX. The new law faced resistance, but the emperor's skillful politics, supported by the dynastic marriages of his daughters and the deft actions of Empress Sibel, secured the support of key electors and weakened opposition.
This reform had far-reaching consequences, making imperial power more financially independent and limiting the potential for political rebellion by the grand princes. A steady source of income enabled the development of the administration, military, and further investments in the empire's infrastructure.
Still no shortage of revolts for Zoticid rulers to cut their teeth against
The dynasty is solidifying power
The dynasty is solidifying power
Lovely to see The Empire grow more powerful, slowly getting back to her previous might!
Spartokos X (1473 AD - 1492 AD)
Spartokos X (1473 AD - 1492 AD)
Spartokos X (at age 34) ascended to the throne after the death of his father, Spartokos IX, who succumbed to typhus in a military camp near Tanais. Although the new ruler secured his election with the support of the electors from Gelts and Styr, as well as the imperial faction, it was clear from the beginning of his reign that he did not match his father's administrative and diplomatic skills. Unlike Spartokos IX, who was a brilliant political strategist and a talented mediator, his son often acted impulsively, making decisions driven by emotions rather than rational calculation.
Despite attempts to educate him as a Renaissance man, Spartokos X did not exhibit the same broad intelligence and curiosity about the world as his father. While he possessed some military abilities, he lacked the strategic vision that characterized his distinguished predecessors.
His interest in military matters was primarily focused on displays of strength rather than long-term planning or reforms. As a ruler, Spartokos X quickly gained a reputation for being impatient and cruel. Unlike his father, who balanced force with diplomacy, Spartokos X often resorted to terror and repression, even against his own subjects.
Spartokos X, though formally the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Taurica, frequently relied on his mother, Sibel Sapmi. The widow of Spartokos IX, experienced in politics and diplomacy, understood her son's limitations and effectively influenced his decisions.
Sibel used her connections and authority to subtly manipulate Spartokos X, steering his actions to mitigate his most destructive tendencies. Thanks to her influence, many of the emperor's more damaging decisions were curtailed.
Many historians studying this period emphasize that without Sibel, Spartokos X's reign could have ended in far greater losses for the Tauric state. Although the new emperor was the formal ruler, his mother effectively controlled key political and administrative decisions, acting as the empire's gray eminence. She subtly managed the court, selected advisors, and intervened in crises when her son made reckless or hasty decisions.
Spartokos X's private life was as complicated as his reign. As a result of decisions made by his father and mother, he was betrothed in childhood to Euporia Sellokalos, a representative of one of the most powerful noble families in the Grand Duchy of Taurica. Instead of strengthening the dynasty, this marriage became a source of tension and personal frustration for both parties.
Spartokos X openly displayed disdain for his wife, and their relationship was fraught with conflict and mutual accusations. The emperor, known for his temper and capricious nature, avoided courtly family life and instead surrounded himself with flatterers and informal advisors, further worsening his attitude toward his wife.
The marriage of Spartokos X and Euporia was marked by tragedies. Although the imperial couple had several children, most did not survive early childhood. Only their daughter, Helene, reached adolescence, while the other three died due to miscarriages or shortly after birth.
The greatest tragedy was the loss of their only son, who could have been Spartokos X's heir. His death resulted from a dramatic argument between the emperor and his wife—the ruler's violent temper and emotional outbursts led to Euporia's nervous breakdown, which directly affected the fetus and caused a tragic miscarriage.
After the death of his only son, Spartokos X found himself in a complicated dynastic situation. His younger brother, Eumelos, was recognized as the official heir to the throne. The emperor, unable to secure his own line of succession, began to treat his brother with suspicion and coldness.
The rebellion in Phanagoria in the summer of 1473 was the first major challenge for the new emperor, Spartokos X. The local nobility, dissatisfied with the increasing centralization of power and the curtailment of their privileges, rose against the imperial vassal, demanding greater autonomy. Spartokos X, viewing the rebels as traitors, had no intention of negotiating—he dispatched a 15,000-strong army to brutally crush the rebellion.
The imperial forces, led by Strategos Menander Aristides, quickly took control of the city, and the bloody reprisals were meant to deter other potential rebels for a long time.
The hardline policy Spartokos X employed against any opposition to his rule became a hallmark of his reign. In the following years, smaller local uprisings erupted, especially on the empire's peripheries, where imperial influence was weaker.
In each case, the emperor ordered brutal suppression, fearing that any concessions might encourage further rebellions. Executions, confiscations of property, and harsh punishments for disobedient nobles were meant to strengthen central authority and discourage dissent.
However, the emperor's mother, Empress Dowager Sibel, frequently intervened, tempering his harshest decisions. She managed to persuade her son to show mercy to those willing to pledge loyalty and submit to imperial authority.
Thanks to her diplomatic efforts, several larger uprisings that could have threatened the stability of the grand duchy were averted. Although Spartokos X reluctantly agreed to compromises, his mother's influence helped maintain a balance between ruthlessness and reason in his governance.
In 1474 AD, the Kingdom of Sweden began intensive efforts to modernize its military, with particular focus on bronze-cast artillery. This was a groundbreaking moment in the development of Scandinavian warfare, as the cannons used in the region until then were heavy and primitive, often made of iron.
The new, lighter bronze cannons not only improved the mobility of troops but also enabled more effective sieges and fortress defenses. The Swedish bronze bombards were far more durable than their iron counterparts, allowing for longer use and reducing the risk of the cannon exploding during firing. Swedish engineers worked on refining casting techniques and barrel cooling methods, resulting in greater precision and firepower.
The modernization of artillery also had significant political consequences—Sweden, previously considered a secondary power in the region, began to command greater respect among its neighbors, and its army became more competitive.
Inspired by reports of Swedish innovations in cannon casting, Seleukos Garbas, with the support of Empress mother Sibel, initiated work on developing their own versions of this weapon. The introduction of bronze cannons could mark the next stage in the technological advancement of firearms in Europe. Thus, 1474 AD became a pivotal moment in the evolution of military technology, with artillery gaining even greater importance in the wars of the coming decades.
Another significant consequence of these developments was the increased demand for copper, which was essential for producing bronze, as well as tin. Trade in these metals became far more profitable than before. The impact of new military technology on trade was immediate, and merchants quickly recognized the potential for enormous profits from trading these materials.
The war between the Grand Duchy of Taurica and the Grand Duchy of Aorsia began in the spring of 1474, when Spartokos X, seeking expansion on the southeastern frontiers, sent his troops to the border regions. The pretext for the war was numerous border incidents and territorial disputes, which were used as a casus belli.
The army of the Grand Duchy of Taurica, better equipped and led, easily captured Aorsia's border fortifications in the first months of the conflict, forcing Prince Pankratios III of Aorsia to retreat deeper into his territory.
In the summer of 1475, the Tauric forces advanced on Aorsia's main city, laying siege to its capital, Atyrau. The siege lasted several months and was one of the most grueling episodes of the war.
The Kurus forces attempted to support their ally in October 1475 but were defeated in the Battle of Volna, where the Tauric armies, thanks to their artillery superiority, crushed the enemy. This victory allowed Taurica to gain control over much of Aorsia and continue its offensive.
The year 1476 brought further successes for the Grand Duchy of Taurica. After the fall of Atyrau, the Tauric army turned south, toward the southern Caucasus, where it clashed with the armies of the Kingdom of Kurus for several months.
Despite several counteroffensive attempts by the Kingdom of Kurus, Spartokos X prevented them from crossing the borders of the Grand Duchy of Taurica, striving to fight on the territories of the Kingdom of Kurus. In the spring of 1477, after the Third Battle of Gorgippia, where the 23,000-strong Kurus army was defeated, the war came to an end.
On April 11, 1477, a treaty was signed to end the conflict. The Grand Duchy of Aorsia was fully annexed by the Grand Duchy of Taurica, while the Kingdom of Kurus, exhausted by the war, made peace without territorial losses. This victory strengthened Spartokos X's power and opened the way for further conquests, including the upcoming war with the Grand Duchy of Ikrat.
The war for Ikrat began in June 1478, when Spartokos X decided to strike against the last independent grand duchy in the east. As had often been the case before, the pretext for the war was border disputes. The campaign was carefully planned, and the imperial army quickly crossed the borders of Ikrat, launching a series of swift attacks on the region's cities and fortresses.
The decisive battle took place during the siege of Ikrat's capital, which began in December 1478. Surrounded by imperial forces, the capital withstood two months of heroic defense. Bombards gradually destroyed the city walls, and the lack of supplies, combined with harsh winter conditions, further weakened the defenders.
Finally, on February 21, 1479, the city fell, and with it, the entire duchy collapsed. The annexation of Ikrat cemented the dominance of the Grand Duchy of Taurica in the east, eliminating the last independent grand duchy in the region and solidifying Spartokos X's power.
The year 1480 AD is widely regarded as the beginning of the Tauric Renaissance, as it was during this period that culture, art, and science in the Tauric Empire began to flourish. At the imperial court in Satyria, prominent scholars, artists, and thinkers began to emerge, inspired by both classical antiquity and new intellectual currents from Western Europe.
Imperial patronage, initiated by Spartokos IX, contributed to the development of architecture inspired by ancient models, as well as the flourishing of painting and sculpture. During this period, the first art academies were established, where young artists were trained, and literature and philosophy began to move away from medieval schemas toward a more humanistic approach.
The growing interest in classical heritage led to the rediscovery and translation of ancient texts, as well as attempts to adapt them to modern political and social thought. The Tauric Renaissance became a period of great transformation that, over the following decades, would reshape the entire empire.
The years 1480–1484 AD in the Grand Duchy of Taurica under the rule of Spartokos X were marked by relative peace and stability. However, despite the absence of armed conflicts, the country faced a significant threat in the form of a smallpox epidemic that broke out in the province of Kazan in 1481 AD.
The disease spread rapidly, decimating both rural and urban populations, and the lack of effective treatment methods led to a high mortality rate. The local administration, unprepared for such a serious health crisis, was unable to handle the situation on its own, and many officials initially downplayed the problem, fearing the court's reaction to the need for spending resources to combat the epidemic.
The decisive role in managing the crisis was played by Empress Dowager Sibel, who used her authority to convince Spartokos X to take immediate action. Thanks to her intervention, he agreed to send additional doctors, food supplies, and medicines to Kazan, as well as establish special quarantine zones, which helped curb the spread of the disease.
By the mid-1480s, the cities of the Grand Duchy of Taurica were experiencing a period of intense growth. Commercial and administrative centers such as Satyria, Tanaia, Tyn, Yalta, Paniardis, and Uyra attracted an increasing number of people.
Rapid influx of rural populations led to a series of problems related to overcrowding and inadequate urban infrastructure. Tight, often chaotically expanding neighborhoods became breeding grounds for disease and social conflicts, while limited space caused land prices to rise and created difficulties for trade and craftsmanship.
As a result, local urban communities began organizing petitions to the imperial court, demanding permission to expand their city boundaries and financial support for new urban development projects. The decision to expand the cities initially faced resistance from Emperor Spartokos X, who was reluctant to spend funds from the imperial treasury. The emperor also feared that excessive investment in cities could weaken central authority in favor of strong and autonomous urban cities.
At the same time, support for urban development gained traction among imperial advisors, particularly Empress Dowager Sibel and the influential minister Seleukos Garbas, who recognized the potential economic benefits of larger and better-managed cities.
It was Sibel and Seleukos who played a key role in convincing Spartokos X to approve urban development projects. They argued that expanding city boundaries and investing in infrastructure would lead to an increase in workshops, marketplaces, and manufactories, which in the long term would boost tax revenues.
Satyria, the capital of the Grand Duchy and the Tauric Empire, was one of the key urban centers, in the second half of the 15th century that required comprehensive modernization. Spartokos X, by Sibel persuading, recognizing both the need to improve infrastructure and the necessity of enhancing the capital's image as a symbol of the Zoticid dynasty's power, decided to undertake extensive renovation works.
The project, launched in 1484 AD, included the reconstruction of main squares, streets, and administrative buildings, as well as the construction of new fortifications to give the city a more representative character and increase its security. To reduce the costs of the project, Spartokos X decided to utilize imperial soldiers as a labor force. The troops, often idle during peacetime, were assigned to construction work.
As part of the renovation, the Imperial Palace was restored, the main city gates were rebuilt, and new aqueducts were constructed to improve access to clean water in the developing neighborhoods. The style of the Tauric Renaissance, which dominated the designs, combined classical ancient influences with local architectural traditions, giving the city a unique and majestic appearance.
The project involved nearly all the architects whose names would later become synonymous with the architectural style of the Tauric Renaissance: Aratos of Chersonesos, Demetrios of Taphros, Niketas Kallikrates and Leontios of Hyrcania. These figures left their mark as artists and architects who contributed to the development and revival of classical Renaissance architecture in the Tauric Empire.
The effects of the ongoing work transformed Satyria, reflecting the ambitions and power of the Grand Duchy of Taurica. New wide boulevards, representative squares, and monumental buildings made the capital one of the most beautiful cities in the region, attracting merchants, artists, and scholars from around the world.
The Fourth Northern War broke out in March 1485 AD between the Grand Duchy of Taurica and the Kingdom of Bjarmaland, primarily due to the ambitions of Emperor Spartokos X, who sought to match the achievements of his great predecessors from the Zoticid dynasty.
Plagued by insecurities and pressure from his surroundings, he sought an opportunity to etch his name in history, which manifested in territorial claims over the disputed region of Gorodets. The Tauric ruler considered it part of his empire, leading to the escalation of border tensions and the eventual outbreak of war with Bjarmaland.
The fighting between the Grand Duchy of Taurica and the Kingdom of Bjarmaland, in the period of 1485 to 1488 AD, was extremely fierce and spanned vast territories in the northeastern lands of both states. The conflict began on March 23, 1485, when imperial armies under the command of Spartokos X crossed the border and attacked Bjarmaland.
The first clashes took place near Gorodets, Starodub, and Kovrov, where the imperial forces initially achieved success, capturing several important fortifications. However, the resistance of Bjarmaland, supported by Androphagia, Finland, and Estonia, caused the Tauric offensive to lose momentum.
A decisive moment in the early years of the war was the Battle of Nayvla, where the imperial forces, numbering 35,000 soldiers, faced the combined armies of Bjarmaland and the Grand Duchy of Androphagia, totaling 39,000. The battle ended in a Pyrrhic victory for Spartokos X, serving as a warning.
The turning point came with the Battle of Kashin on November 16, 1487 AD, where the imperial army of 37,000 was forced to retreat, suffering significant losses against the allied forces of Bjarmaland, Androphagia, Finland, and Estonia, numbering 45,000. This was one of the greatest defeats for the Tauric ruler, who had to regroup his forces.
In response to this setback, in March 1488, Spartokos X launched an attack near Gorodets, achieving a significant victory in the battle that took place on March 21. His 40,000-strong army managed to force the retreat of the combined allied forces of Bjarmaland, numbering approximately 40,000. Despite this imperial success at Gorodets, the war remained unresolved.
Spartokos X's situation became more complicated in June 1488 when the Duchy of Thessaloniki launched an aggression against the vassal Duchy of Paphlagonia, which was under the protection of the Grand Duchy of Taurica.
The attack by Thessaloniki on Paphlagonia was a blow to the emperor's soft underbelly, as he could not adequately respond, as most of his army was engaged in the war in the north.
From the very beginning, the war with the Duchy of Thessaloniki unfolded unfavorably for the Grand Duchy of Taurica. The Duchy of Paphlagonia, a vassal of the empire, quickly came under heavy pressure from enemy forces. The siege of Paphlagonia's main city, Kastamonu, lasted several months, during which the defenders repelled successive enemy assaults, hoping for relief from Taurica.
Unfortunately, imperial support arrived too late, and the city ultimately fell into the hands of the Thessalonians. The loss of Kastamonu was a severe blow to Spartokos X, as it weakened his position in Anatolia and threatened the entire southern flank of the empire.
The greatest disaster of this war was the naval battle off the coast of Kastamonu, fought on June 21, 1490 AD. The fleet of the Grand Duchy of Taurica, consisting of over a hundred ships, clashed with the combined forces of the Duchy of Thessaloniki and the Kingdom of Macedonia.
The imperial admirals initially hoped for an advantage in experience and better organization, but their opponents had superior numbers. The battle began with an intense exchange of artillery fire, followed by a series of boarding actions in which Macedonian and Thessalonian soldiers proved extremely effective.
The turning point of the engagement was a bold maneuver by Thessalonian galleys, which broke through the defensive line of the Tauric fleet, surrounding its main ships and causing chaos in the imperial navy. Many imperial vessels were sunk or captured, and the rest were scattered.
To make matters worse, the troops transported on the ships, sent by Spartokos X to support Paphlagonia, were almost entirely annihilated or taken prisoner. This defeat not only deprived Taurica of control over the southern waters but also dashed any hopes of reclaiming Kastamonu by force.
Faced with these catastrophic losses, Spartokos X was forced to enter peace negotiations. After months of talks, the emperor agreed to formally end the war in the south. The peace treaty signed on April 11, 1491, was a humiliating conclusion to the southern war for Emperor Spartokos X.
Under its terms, the Duchy of Thessaloniki officially annexed the lands of the Duchy of Paphlagonia, effectively eliminating the influence of the Grand Duchy of Taurica in Anatolia. An additional blow was the requirement to pay a one-time tribute of 109 gold obols to Thessaloniki. This treaty weakened the empire both politically and financially, forcing Spartokos X to focus all his efforts on the ongoing war with Bjarmaland in the north.
While the Grand Duchy of Taurica suffered defeats in the south, the war in the north continued unabated. Spartokos X, despite the loss of his fleet and the disaster in Anatolia, initially considered continuing the conflict with Thessaloniki. However, his mother, Sibel, managed to convince him to end the conflict, persuading him to sign the peace treaty.
This allowed him to focus on the fight against Bjarmaland, but the war had reached a stalemate. Clashes continued, but the emperor remained in the capital, delegating command to experienced strategists. Increasingly isolated and plagued by frustration, Spartokos X became a shadow of his former self, his irrationality growing with each passing month.
The signing of the treaty with Thessaloniki was a blow to the emperor's pride, which took a toll on his mental state. Humiliated and enraged, he increasingly succumbed to fits of rage, blaming his advisors and even his own family for the defeats.
His behavior became increasingly unpredictable—he would issue contradictory orders, punish loyal officers, and deliver paranoid tirades about betrayal. The court began to whisper that Spartokos X had lost the ability to rule and posed a threat to the stability of the state. At the center of these concerns were two women—his mother, Sibel, and his wife, Euporia.
On February 12, 1492 AD, during a private dinner in his chambers, Spartokos X suddenly choked on his food and began to suffocate in front of his closest family. The servants, though initially attempting to intervene, were stopped by the emperor's wife, Euporia, who allegedly panicked and prevented anyone from approaching the dying ruler.
The emperor's mother, maintaining a strange composure, observed the scene in silence, and when Spartokos X finally collapsed lifeless on the floor, she merely nodded. Officially, it was announced that the ruler had died as a result of a tragic accident—choking on his food, which the populace interpreted as an act of divine punishment for his failures and brutality.
However, rumors quickly spread at court that Spartokos X's death (at age 53) had been a carefully planned assassination. His mother, Sibel, who sought to protect the dynasty from further decline, and his wife, weary of her husband's irrationality and anger, were said to have conspired to eliminate him.
It was whispered that a substance had been added to his meal, causing a spasm in his esophagus and leading to fatal choking. Regardless of the true cause of his death, the throne passed to his younger brother, Eumelos II, who assumed power with the support of the same women who may have played a key role in removing Spartokos X from the throne—in the most final way possible.
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I'm starting to think this dynasty might be cursed with regards to their ability to sire heirs... How many times is it now that a younger brother has had to inherit because there weren't any sons in this dynasty?
Eumelos II (1492 AD – 1504 AD)
Eumelos II (1492 AD – 1504 AD)
However, unlike the impulsive and unpredictable Spartokos X, Eumelos II was known for his composure and wisdom. Though not as talented a military leader as his father, he quickly gained a reputation as a skilled diplomat and a master of court intrigue. With the support of his faction and the elector from Gelts, he assumed the Imperial throne without significant obstacles.
The new emperor differed from his brother in his approach to governance. He focused primarily on diplomatic matters, avoiding direct involvement in military affairs, which he left to experienced strategists. Instead of personally leading the army, he surrounded himself with loyal generals who waged war in the north against the Kingdom of Bjarmaland.
His approach to state administration was similar—since he had no particular passion for it, he entrusted it to trusted officials and bureaucrats who ensured the stability of the grand duchy. This allowed him to focus on what interested him most: the development of culture, art, and science.
Under Eumelos II's rule, the imperial court became a cultural hub, attracting scholars, artists, and philosophers from various parts of the world. The new emperor generously supported literature, architecture, and music, seeing them as a means to elevate the prestige of his state. He believed that the greatness of an empire was not solely based on military strength but also on its intellectual and artistic achievements.
He introduced educational reforms, funded the construction of libraries and academies, and promoted the development of theater and poetry. His patronage of the arts earned him the support of intellectual elites and the aristocracy, though the more warlike faction of the court viewed his rule with some unease.
Despite the ongoing war in the north, Eumelos II initiated diplomatic talks aimed at ending the conflict through diplomacy. Some saw this as a sign of weakness, while others viewed it as a display of wisdom and pragmatism.
Like his brother, Eumelos II married a candidate chosen by his parents—Eirene Gomenos, from one of the more powerful noble families of the Grand Duchy of Taurica. This marriage was intended to strengthen internal alliances. Eirene quickly adapted to life at the imperial court in Satyria and became empress, with her intelligence and political acumen making her an influential figure in the ruler's inner circle.
The most significant event of their marriage was the birth of the heir to the throne—Spartokos, named after his grandfather, Spartokos IX. Unfortunately, the birth was extremely difficult for the empress, and complications led doctors to categorically advise against future pregnancies, warning that they could result in her death.
As a result, Eumelos II and Eirene had no more children, placing the entire future of the dynasty on the shoulders of young Spartokos. His upbringing and education became a priority for both his parents and his grandmother, Sibel, who played an active role in shaping the future ruler.
Despite her advanced age, Sibel continued to play a crucial role at court, serving as one of Eumelos II's most important advisors. She had helped him secure the throne and consolidate his position, and her influence did not wane even after many years. Many of the emperor's decisions, especially regarding internal politics, were made in consultation with his mother, which caused some discontent among the aristocracy.
The signing of the peace treaty on March 7, 1492 AD, in Gorodets ended the seven-year-long Fourth Northern War, bringing a much-desired end to the devastating conflict between the Grand Duchy of Taurica and the Kingdom of Bjarmaland. Peace talks began shortly after Eumelos II ascended the throne.
Under the treaty, the Kingdom of Bjarmaland renounced all territorial claims against the Grand Duchy of Borysthenia. Additionally, the Grand Duchy of Taurica secured the right to ten years of war reparations and a one-time tribute of 23 gold obols, which helped strengthen the state's finances after years of exhausting military campaigns.
The Treaty of Gorodets was seen as a moderate success for Eumelos II—while it did not result in territorial gains, it allowed for the strengthening of internal stability and ended the war on favorable terms.
The reign of Eumelos II (1492–1504 AD) was a time of great flourishing of art and culture in the Grand Duchy of Taurica and throughout the empire. The ruler, averse to war, focused his efforts on rebuilding the economy and extensive artistic patronage, which led to the dynamic development of various art forms.
Painting reached new heights thanks to the works of Antiochos Angelos, whose mastery of light and shadow and attention to detail made him the most outstanding artist of the era. His frescoes adorned palaces and temples, and his realistic portraits of rulers and aristocrats left a lasting mark on Tauric art history. Meanwhile, in sculpture, Nikos Donati gained recognition for his monumental statues, which captured the beauty of the human body with extraordinary precision.
Literature and poetry also experienced a golden age, with writers such as Ephesus of Charax, Dikaios Menandros, Dionysios of Tanais, Leonidas Satyrion, and Meliodes of Pantikapaion shaping a modern narrative style that blended elements of ancient tradition with new Renaissance concepts.
Masters of epic poetry created works inspired by history and mythology, celebrating the heroic deeds of both ancient and contemporary heroes. At the same time, lyrical and reflective poems gained immense popularity among both the elites and ordinary citizens of the capital. Thanks to Eumelos II's support, Tauric literature began to be appreciated beyond the borders of the state, reaching the courts of Western Europe.
The architecture of the Eumelos II era reflected the Renaissance pursuit of harmony and monumentality. Aratos of Chersonesos and Demetrios of Taphros oversaw ambitious projects. Niketas Kallikrates introduced elements inspired by classical Greek temples into Tauric architecture, while Leontios of Hyrcania became known for his innovative urban designs that improved both infrastructure and the aesthetics of cities. Their works, supported by imperial patronage, forever changed the face of the Grand Duchy of Taurica, making it one of the cultural centers of the era.
The Eastern Palace in Samara, designed by the renowned architect Sosthenes of Pantikapaion, was one of the most impressive construction projects of Eumelos II's reign. Work began in 1493 AD and continued for decades. The residence stood on a vast hill, offering a view of the Volga River and the surrounding dense forests.
The building harmoniously blended classical Greek influences with the local Tauric style, creating a unique architectural masterpiece. Magnificent marble columns, gold-adorned capitals, and extensive gardens filled with exotic plants gave the palace an atmosphere of luxury and power. Walls made of polished limestone gleamed in the sunlight, while fountains and water channels surrounded the complex, creating the illusion of a palace floating on water.
The interiors of the Eastern Palace were breathtaking in their opulence and attention to detail. Frescoes by Antiochos Angelos depicted scenes from Greek mythology, blending heroic and historical themes. The central audience hall, known as the Hall of the Sun, was adorned with paintings celebrating the triumphs of the Zoticid dynasty, and its ceiling sparkled with golden mosaics. Nikos Donati, the master sculptor, created majestic statues of griffins that adorned the main entrance to the palace, as well as realistic depictions of emperors and heroes from the past.
The palace's surroundings were as spectacular as its interiors. Persian-style gardens, filled with fountains and rare flowers, served as a place of rest and reflection for the emperor and his entourage. Along mosaic-paved alleys, pergolas covered with vines offered spaces for philosophical debates and lavish feasts.
The Eastern Palace quickly became not only a summer imperial residence but also a symbol of the power and cultural flourishing of the Grand Duchy of Taurica, attracting ambassadors, poets, and thinkers from across the known world.
The early years of Eumelos II's reign were a time of intense rebuilding, with one of the top priorities being the reconstruction of the Grand Duchy of Taurica's fleet. After the defeat off the coast of Kastamonu in 1490, where nearly the entire navy was sunk by the combined forces of the Duchy of Thessalonica and the Kingdom of Macedonia, the state was left virtually defenseless at sea.
Eumelos II, though not a military leader himself, understood the strategic importance of the fleet for the long-term security and position of the duchy. An ambitious rebuilding program was launched, which included expanding shipyards in port cities and reforming the naval command structure.
Thanks to the efforts of the new administration, within the first few years of Eumelos II's reign, new vessels were launched, including heavy galleons and fast war galleys designed for both coastal defense and offensive operations. The fleet reconstruction program was funded by war reparations obtained after the end of the Fourth Northern War and increased taxes in port provinces.
The rebuilding of the navy was not only meant to restore the Grand Duchy of Taurica's former strength at sea but also to serve as a warning to potential enemies that the empire would not repeat the mistakes of the previous war and would be ready to defend its interests in the waters of the Black Sea and the eastern Mediterranean.
Portrait of Empress Sibel Sapmi, Renaissance, painted by Antiochos Angelos, early 16th century - (ChatGPT)
The death of Sibel Sapmi on November 11, 1494 AD, at the age of 77, marked the end of an era in the history of the Grand Duchy of Taurica. For decades, she had played a key role at court, serving not only as the empress consort of Spartokos IX but also as his closest advisor and confidante
Though officially in the background, her influence on her husband's decisions was undeniable. Considered an exceptionally intelligent and far-sighted woman, she built a powerful network of loyalists and court supporters, ensuring her lasting position in the empire. Even after the death of Spartokos IX, her influence did not wane—on the contrary, in the following years, she became one of the most powerful figures in the state.
During the reign of her son, Spartokos X, Sibel became the de facto power behind the throne, though she never formally held power. Her son, impulsive and emotionally unstable, often flew into fits of rage and made rash decisions. It was she who, behind the scenes, prevented him from making the worst mistakes, striving to maintain the stability of the state.
However, her patience and influence had their limits—when she deemed Spartokos X a threat, she allegedly played a role in his death, paving the way for her younger and more level-headed son, Eumelos II, to ascend the throne. Though there was no proof, courtiers whispered that the emperor's death during a dinner was no accident.
After Eumelos II assumed power, Sibel remained one of the most important figures at court. Though the emperor was far more independent than his brother, he still consulted his mother on key matters, and her experience and political intuition made her a valuable advisor. Even in her old age, her influence did not wane, and the aristocracy continued to fear her ability to manipulate and intrigue. Her death in 1494 AD marked the end of the life of one of the most influential women in the history of the Tauric state—a woman who, from behind the scenes, shaped the fate of the grand duchy and the empire.
Although Eumelos II's reign was free from external wars, it was not entirely peaceful within the borders of the Grand Duchy of Taurica. The emperor was repeatedly forced to send troops to suppress local uprisings and rebellious movements that threatened the stability of the state.
One of the first major crises was the uprising of religious fanatics practicing Goktarnism in Ugut in 1493 AD. This movement, inspired by ancient beliefs of the steppe peoples, opposed both imperial authority and the dominant state religion in the region.
The uprising quickly gained momentum, with rebels taking control of the city and surrounding settlements. It was only through decisive intervention by the imperial army, supported by loyal governors, that the revolt was quelled after several months of fighting.
In the following years, Eumelos II had to deal with further unrest, stemming from both nationalist aspirations and the influence of external powers. In 1495 AD, a rebellion broke out in Kovrov among supporters of the Kingdom of Bjarmaland, where local populations, incited by northern agents, attempted to secede from the Grand Duchy. The uprising was quickly crushed by the local garrison, but additional troops had to be sent to restore order in the region.
An even more serious crisis occurred in 1497 AD, when separatist uprisings broke out in Vladimir and Ishim, fueled by the dissatisfaction of the local Ugric population with the duchy's administrative policies. This rebellion was far more difficult to suppress, as the insurgents enjoyed widespread local support and used the difficult forest-steppe terrain for guerrilla warfare. Only a massive military campaign, combined with harsh reprisals and administrative reforms, allowed the imperial control to be restored over the rebellious lands.
At the beginning of the 16th century, the European world held its breath as news spread of the extraordinary achievement of Hano Columbi, a sailor from the Kingdom of Adberia. Between 1498 and 1500, his expedition, funded by the Adberian monarchy, aimed to find a western route to Asia by crossing the Atlantic.
However, this journey yielded an unexpected result—Columbi and his crew reached previously unknown lands, initially believing them to be the distant eastern shores of the Asian continent. Only subsequent expeditions confirmed that this was not Asia, but an entirely new land, full of unknown cultures and riches.
Columbi's discovery sparked a true explosion of interest in overseas exploration. Following in the footsteps of the Kingdom of Adberia, other European powers, including the Kingdom of Memoriana, quickly began organizing their own expeditions to the newly discovered continent.
In a short time, the first colonies and trading posts were established, and merchants, sailors, and adventurers began to recognize the enormous potential of these lands. News of unknown civilizations, exotic goods, and opportunities for wealth ignited the imagination of all of Europe.
The dawn of the Age of Exploration shifted the balance of power in the world, contributing to the rapid rise of maritime empires. The new territories became not only a source of wealth but also an arena for encounters and clashes with indigenous cultures, whose existence had been previously unknown in Europe.
Exploratory voyages transformed into colonial expansion, marking the beginning of a new chapter in human history—an era of global contact, cultural exchange, but also a ruthless struggle for dominance over the newly discovered world.
The discovery of the New World not only revolutionized trade and geopolitics but also had profound religious consequences. The encounter with peoples who possessed their own belief systems, entirely different from those known in Europe, sparked a heated debate among theologians, philosophers, and spiritual leaders.
In the Kingdoms of Adberia and Memoriana, the Roman Catholic Church saw this as a sign that Christianity's mission was to convert these new peoples, which initiated intense missionary activity. Some clergy viewed the natives as souls to be saved, while others saw them as pagans whose traditions needed to be eradicated by force.
Meanwhile, in the Tauric Empire, the discovery of new peoples elicited different, more intellectual and philosophical reactions. Many scholars and priests became fascinated by the beliefs of these distant civilizations, seeing them as both an exotic curiosity and a potential source of spiritual enlightenment.
Among intellectuals, debates emerged about the universality of religion and the possibility of a shared divine essence across different traditions. Some clergy, rather than viewing the newly discovered religions as a threat, saw them as potential evidence that divine presence of Omono manifests in many forms, tailored to individual peoples and cultures.
At the same time, a strong conviction emerged among part of the priestly class that the faith in Onomo should be introduced to the newly discovered peoples, much like Catholic missionaries were doing in Western Europe. Some imperial advisors saw this as an opportunity to expand the influence of the Tauric Empire, both spiritually and politically.
The annexation of the vassal duchies of Gorgippia and Phanagoria between 1498 and 1502 AD was a strategic decision by Eumelos II, driven both by the power of the Grand Duchy of Taurica and the emperor's ambitions for the diet. reform.
Militarily, economically, and diplomatically, Taurica dominated the other grand duchies of the empire, allowing it to directly annex the two vassal duchies without fear of losing advantage over others. The ruler believed that centralizing these lands within his own domain would strengthen the position of his grand duchy within the empire and secure greater political influence.
However, the emperor's goal was not merely territorial expansion—Eumelos II also sought to implement a sweeping diet reform aimed at transforming the power structure of the Tauric Empire. A key element of his plan was the establishment of a permanent imperial diet, which would serve as a forum for the grand dukes and electors.
These reforms, however, faced significant resistance from many influential families, who feared a reduction in their independence and the strengthening of central authority. Eumelos II understood that to enact these changes, he needed to secure sufficient support among the electors, which required political concessions and skillful diplomacy.
In response to the opposition from some of the dukes, the emperor decided to expand the circle of electors by granting electoral rights to three new grand duchies—Tahent, Kujavia, and Golshyn. Tahent and Kujavia received the votes previously held by Gorgippia and Phanagoria, while Golshyn replaced Samogitia, which had lost its position following its defeat and absorption by Lithuania, which later released it under pressure from other duchies and the emperor.
This decision not only weakened the influence of the reform's opponents but also ensured Eumelos II had enough votes to push through his changes. It was a risky move, as it altered the electoral system of the empire, but the emperor consciously took this risk, believing that the long-term benefits would outweigh any short-term problems.
The decision to establish a permanent imperial diet was unprecedented and marked a departure from the previous system, in which rulers convened only when necessary. The diet was to meet regularly, allowing for better governance of the empire, streamlining the legislative process, and increasing the influence of the grand duchies on imperial-level decisions.
The city of Sporia (Minsk), located in the western part of the empire, was chosen as the seat of the diet. This was a concession by the emperor to the grand dukes of the empire and was meant to symbolize a balance between the Grand Duchy of Taurica and the western duchies. The choice of this city also aimed to emphasize the unity of the empire and create a neutral space for the dukes and electors, who would now jointly decide the future of the realm.
Eirene Gomenos, though she bore only one child for Emperor Eumelos II, played a crucial role at the imperial court of the Grand Duchy of Taurica. Her presence in the political and military life of the empire was clearly noticeable, and her influence extended far beyond the traditional role of an empress. Thanks to her intelligence and ambition, she became a figure whose opinion mattered not only among courtiers but also in military and diplomatic circles.
One of the most controversial moments of her influence on politics was the removal of the Marshal of the Grand Duchy, Isokrates Nestongos. The experienced military officer, who had held the position for years, fell out of favor after openly criticizing the empress for suggesting reforms to the military structure.
Eirene, who was well-versed in military matters, did not tolerate having her competence questioned, especially since her proposals aimed to improve the organization of the army. After Nestongos's removal, she appointed Niketes Vamvaloudes, a military officer with a modern approach to warfare and a loyal supporter of the imperial court, as well as a relative of the Zoticid family.
Beyond the military sphere, the empress also distinguished herself with her diplomatic skills, which were a cornerstone of her political activities. She was adept at manipulating her interlocutors and skillfully conducting negotiations, often securing favorable agreements for the empire.
Her ability to read others' intentions and subtly influence their decisions made her a valuable ally in Taurica's international relations. She was able to both ease tensions between dukes within the empire and garner support for Eumelos II's policies among foreign courts.
It is impossible not to notice that many of these abilities were owed to Sibel Sapmi, the mother of Eumelos II, who became her mentor during the time when she was merely the wife of the second son of Spartokos IX. Sibel, known for her cunning and political acumen, taught her the subtle art of courtly intrigue and methods of building her own position in an environment full of rivalry and scheming. After Sibel's death, Eirene largely assumed her role as the leading woman of the court and an informal advisor to the emperor, solidifying her position and influence over the fate of the Grand Duchy of Taurica.
The reign of Eumelos II was a time of exceptional stability and efficient governance, during which the administration and bureaucracy of the empire functioned almost flawlessly. The reforms introduced by the emperor effectively curbed corruption and abuses, earning the trust of the subjects of the Grand Duchy of Taurica in the imperial authority and its officials.
Eumelos II sought transparency in the functioning of the state, establishing strict rules of oversight and administrative accountability, which contributed to fair governance and a sense of security among the inhabitants of the grand duchy. As a result, his reign is often remembered as a time of honest and efficient administration, leaving a lasting mark on Tauric history.
On October 19, 1504 AD, Eumelos II died at the age of 63 after more than a decade of rule that brought stability and administrative development to the empire. His reign was recorded in history as a period of just rule, effective reforms, and diplomatic finesse. The throne passed to his only son, Spartokos XI, who had to face the legacy of his father and the new challenges of the coming era.
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If Taurica ever loses control of the Empire, Eumelos II is indirectly to blame for throwing away a huge natural advantage to being elected.