Population review of the Golden Horde, based on works of Iskander Izmaylov (tatar archaeologist)
The entire population of the Golden Horde was 3-5 million settled people and 1 million nomadic.
Here is the map, which shows regions where nomadic people were dominant (yellow) and settled people (orange)
View attachment 1205336
This shows how concentrated the Golden Horde was. The settled regions were around major cities and around the Volga River, with the addition of the Kazan-Bolgar region, where the Volga Bulgaria Kingdom existed.
The capital city of the Golden Horde had 75 thousand people.
A lot of archaeological finds around Astrakhan indicate a lot of settlements in the Volga River Delta. The same can be said about Beldjamen, Saray(both) had a population of around 50-70 thousand. Ukek was also one of the largest cities in the Golden Horde but it was more agricultural. From there, a lot of grains were transported downstream.
Bolgar was the centre of the most prosperous region in the Golden Horde. South of it was Karavan-Sray an unfinished castle. Also, the south part was much richer compared to the north
The modern city of Astrakhan can be renamed to Xacitarxan or Hajji Tarkhan because the name is a corruption of Hashtarkhan, itself a corruption of Haji Tarkhan but it is a corruption that Tatars made, so Astrakhan Tatars did call themselves astrakhan
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