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Tinto Maps #22 - 11th of October 2024 - Mongolia, Manchuria and Eastern Siberia

Hello and welcome another week to the amazing world of Tinto Maps. This week we are covering a very wide area, as we will take a look at Mongolia, Manchuria and all Eastern Siberia. So, without much further ado, let’s get started.

Countries
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Here, clearly, the Yuán Dynasty of China controls much of the territory, while all of the Siberian expanses are “open” to colonization. Considering Manchuria, the Jurchen tribes posed a tricky question, as some of them were more settled and Chinese-influenced while others were more nomadic and pastoralist, and some were in between. Thus, we decided to represent the more settled tribes that would later confederate into the Manchu as separate countries vassals of Yuán, while there is also Jurchen population inside the borders of Yuán itself and the most nomadic of them represented as Society of Pops.

Societies of Pops
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And speaking of that, most of them are obviously concentrated in Manchuria and around the borders of the countries and coasts, while the more inhospitable places further into Siberia and Kamchatka are more sparsely populated and thus less organized.

Dynasties
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Nothing that wasn’t expected here, Borjigin dynasty keeps dominating another week. Concerning the Jurchen, currently none of them have scripted dynasties assigned and are generated instead.

Locations
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Provinces
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Areas
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Terrain
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The drier parts of the Gobi Desert in the Mongolian Plateau give way to the steppes and grasslands of Manchuria, while further into Siberia it gets dominated by mountains, hills, forests, and as one would expect from Siberia, cold.

Development
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Not much development in these parts either, and as I mentioned in last week’s Tinto Maps, the sudden change in development when entering China will have to be reviewed, as it’s currently too strong.

Natural Harbors
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Cultures
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Quite a varied cultural landscape, as these areas are populated by many different peoples, sometimes expanding through a wide area while others are more localized. On the other hand, the Mongolian Plateau is very much dominated by Mongolian culture.

Religions
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Very diverse religion distribution too, with Tengri, Shamanism, and local variations of it with Tungustic Shamanism (brown), Yukaghir Shamanism (light blue) and Chukchee Shamanism (purple). I have to say that we are currently going through a review of all the religions of the world defined as either “Animism” or “Shamanism”, so it is possible that there are some changes in this distribution in the future.

Raw Materials
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Very marked distribution of resources, with Mongolia and Manchuria rich in livestock and horses (as one would expect from the horse lords) while the forests of Siberia are full of fur and wild game and the northern coasts are a big source of ivory (from the world-famous arctic elephant herds, of course). However, the mountainous areas also include precious metals like gold and silver, so their colonization may thus prove quite beneficial. Another thing of note is that fish can be found abundantly not only along the coasts but also along the major rivers crossing Siberia.

Markets
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First of all, we have reverted back to the previous way of visualizing markets, as it was clear that the change we did to it was not in the good direction. We will keep testing and trying things, so this will probably not be the final view of it, but for now we reverted back to this version as we think it would be clearer to present. Having said that, these are areas with not much market presence, with the markets of Karakorum and Ilan Hala being the main ones, and the Chinese markets encroaching on the southern parts. Siberia doesn’t have any market of its own, so all of it has currently no access.

Population
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The only countries we have population to show here are the Jurchen ones, with the mighty Yuán ever encroaching on them. Concerning the populations of the locations, one thing I have to mention is that you will see many of them with the value of 150, that is the general default value that we used for the less populated areas of all eastern Siberia, where population estimates of the period don’t allow for much fine tuning. It is probably something that we will adjust.

And that is it for this week. Next week, after having been teasing it and slithering around its edges for a while now, it will be finally time to face the dragon, as we will showcase the entirety of China. Hope to see you all there, and as always very open (and grateful) to all your feedback.
 
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Province Ilan Hala
  1. Locations: Ilan & Wehe -> Ilan Hala, Ilan Hala -> Oshon, Wehe -> Weken, Wehe & Futi -> Wanlin, Tulguur -> Aulemi, Wanhufu -> Ton
  2. Etymology:
  3. History:
    • Ilan Hala was under Tiele Fu in Bohai State as the major settlement of Tieli Mohe (铁力) people; later became the capital of Wuguobu (五国部; lit. Five State Clan) in the Khitan Liao Dynasty. Later as the capital of Huligai Lu in Jin and Yuan Dynasty.
    • According to Dongyi Kaolue (lit. A study in Eastern Barbarians; 东夷考略), the Jurchen before the migration could be divided into two group:
      • Shanyi: North of Kaiyuan, near the Songhua River, living in the mountains; (like the Udege/Weji people)
      • Jiangyi: Farther north, reaching the Heilongjiang (Amur River), living on the rivers. (like the Nanai/Ulch/Oroch people)
    • However, the clans in Ilan Hala definately had a hostile relationship with Weji people, which forced them to leave their original home for the south. Also, all the Wuguobu cities were along the river. Additionally, the city of Wanlin eventually became a Nanai village in Qing Dynasty. Thus, I think the population in Ilan Hala might be more likely to be of more Nanaic origin in the beginning, later influenced by Bohai people from the upper Hurha river.
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  4. On location names:
    • Ilan Hala & Wehe -> Ilan Hala. Ilan Hala not included in Ilan Hala location. Include the potential site of Huligai Circuit of Jin Dynasty in the south. One of Five Liao State. Ming Dynasty Weisuo.
    • Wehe -> Weken for Manchu. Ming Dynasty Weisuo. 呕罕河卫
    • Ilan Hala -> Oshon. The confluence of Oshon and Hurha. Potentially one of Five Liao State. Ming Dynasty Weisuo.
    • Tulguur -> Aulemi. One of Five Liao State, near the county seat of Suibin. Ming Dynasty Weisuo.
    • Futi & Ilan Hala -> Wanlin. One of Five Liao State. Two of Three Yuan Tumen. Ming Dynasty Weisuo. Qing Dynasty City.
    • Wanhufu -> Ton. One of Five Liao States. One of Three Yuan Tumens.
Sixty-six Clans honored the Asin Gioro family and awarded the name of Manchu (满洲从龙六十六部) : (v=uu=ū)
  • suksuhu aiman、sarhv、giyamuhv、jan、wanggiyan、elmin、jakvmu、sakda、suwan、dunggo、yarhv、andarki aiman、weji aimanhvrhawarkafio、sahalca (the above followed Aisin Gioro family voluntarily)
  • joogiya、mardun、onggolo、antu gvwalgiya、hunehe aiman、jecen i aiman、tomoho、janggiya、barda、jaifiyan、dunggiya、olhon、dung、juxerineyen、fodoho、sibe、anculakv、hada、jang、akiran、hesihe、omoho soro、fenehe、hoifa、huyenamdulusuifunninggutanimaca、urgucen、muren、jakvta、ula、usui、yaransirin、ehe kuren、gvnaka kuren、sahaliyan i aman、indahvn takvrara golonoro、sirahin、yehe、gvwalca、usurihingkanhuncunkvyala (these clans were conquered by the Aisin Gioro family)
 
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Almost all of these are nothing more than Manchu pronunciations of the Chinese names. You could apply the same process to literally any Chinese word. That being said, I suppose there is more justification to do this in Liaoning than south of the Great Wall. But it would still be very strange to me to see "Šan Hai Guwan", and then immediately south of that every single location, including Beijing, is tone-marked pinyin.

I disagree. The usage of the word "Uriankhai" to refer to Mongols in this region is exclusively a feature of the early Ming dynasty, it would be very awkward for it to persist into the 1800s in every game. The Uriankhai here were more of an ephemeral polity, and there's no reason to consider them the outgroup from all other Mongols. Also, the relationship between these Uriankhai and the forest-dweller Uriankhai is tenuous at best.
I feel skeptical about the current location of the Sibe State. The Sibes were neighbors of Hulan and had a marriage with the Hulan leader, while their capital was called Shuangyang. That's all we know about Sibe before the 15th century, basically from the account of Hulan people. By 1690, the Sibes had two major settlements, Qiqihar and Fuyu (Boduna), mainly along the Non valley. It is still much north of the modern Changchun and the Shuangyang in Changchun. I think they are located near modern Qiqihar, rather than Changchun.

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First of all, where is the capital Shuangyang?
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The river Shuangyang before 1406 was not the one in Changchun. It was described as endorheic, located around the Sunggari and Hulan rivers, near the Mongolic Khitan people. Additionally, the Genealogy book of Suwan (Shuangyang) Guwaljiya states that they lived in Neihe (literally, "inner river"), referring to the Suwan River. While scholars who insist that the Shuangyang around Changchun will ignore the word Neihe or interpret it as "the basin", it makes more sense if we take the other Shuangyang in the north, across the locations of Zhalong and Sart (It is Talaha, and the star should be put in Zhalong, sorry for the mistake), an internal drainage system ending up in the Zhalong wetland. Furthermore, Zhaozhou was a clear Mongol stronghold, so in the 14th century, the Sibe could not easily reach Boduna under Mongol control. However, after 1406, more likely a large proportion of Suwan and the Sibe people joined their neighbor, Hulan Jurchen, migrated south to the current Changchun vicinity and name it after their hometown.

This change will solve three problems. One is why the Chinese did not record the Sibe people before the 17th century. Simply because the Sibe was beyond the reach. Second, the Sibes were said to have a close connection with Xianbei and Siberia, while the current location is far too south. Lastly, the Sibe should not be a large group from the perspective of the Mongols as they also failed to record the Sibe, while the current extent of the realm is too large. The sibes should be a place buffering Hulan from Mongols along the Non river instead of buffering Mongols from Liaodong. Besides some assumptions, the place names in the west of Willow Palisade are either Mongolic (Mongolian and Khitan) or Chinese, with very few from Manchu (Hulan people said Sibe could not understand Jurchen languages).

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Location names from Nvzhenwen Cidian (女真文词典; Jurchen Script Dictionary):
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Azhenhe Wei - Ajen Ho Wei
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Jin Dynasty - Anchun Gurun
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Beile = prince - begin
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Tunluoji Mouke - Dalogi Mounhuwe
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Zuoshen Meng'an - Zoshin Mingghan
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Jurchen Yeren- Jurchen Udihe Nialma
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Fanca, ancestor of Aisin Gioro
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Shilique Mouke - Shirihe Moumuhuwe
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Foimo family - Foyomon
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Puxian - Fusian, royal surname of Dongzhen State
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Hepu Mouke - Gafu Moumuhuwe
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Jianzhou Wei - Gianjou Wei
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Haixi - Haisi
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Helan Mouke - Halan (Hampyeong, or Hinjo in Jurchen, in Northeast Korea)
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Hotun (city) Wei
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Yisuhe Wei - Imiho Wei
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Yilimian Zhou - Ilimin Jou
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Yigaidawanhe Mouke - Ingaida Bira Moumuge
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Yaran - Jalan Bira Mingghan
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Sahaliyan (Kuye) Island - Kuyi similar to Turkic (kukiye)
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Long'an Fu
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Meijian Mingghan - Meigian
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Yalu River - Miyehelü - Duck Green
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Chanchun Mingghan - Chenchun
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Uya family - Ulyan
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Wendihen family - Undihen, who built the Xiguan city.
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Wanyan family - Wongian, Wonian, Wonja
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Hulun Chuanqi (扈伦传奇; the Legend of Hulun Family)
This story was intended as a family story succeeded by Nara family as their family was hated by Nurgaci and his Aisin Gioro family. The imperial version of this story (from Researches on Manchu Origins) is more legendary, typically Mongols forced Nacibulu to become their son-in-law and Nacibulu claimed his name as Nara, pointing the sun. The story scoped from the funding of Nara family to the Nurgaci's conquest of Hulun State; thus, I just put the beginning parts from this story.
  1. Origin of Hulun family:
    • Woluosun (倭罗孙; Ološon? = a kind of water-crossing rawhide trousers), remote descendent of Imperial Jin Dynasty, was the head of Nara Clan in Honile (洪尼勒; from Manchu Honio, lit. bucket) City along the Haixi River (Sunggari). Thus, the family was named Nara. In 1280, he revolted against the Kublai Khan and got defeated; later he retreated in the Hoifa valley, with his children surnamed Woluosun. However, his family was discovered and expelled by Mongols, and their people lost, until the rise of his grand-grandson, Nacibulu.
  2. Story of Nacibulu:
    • to escape from the search of Mongols, Nacibulu's father joined Sibes, and married a Sibe girl, who gave birth to Nacibulu and raised Nacibulu in the Hoifa valley after losing her husband. When Nacibulu grew up, he left home to find the city Honi(le) with two guards.
    • After leaving home, he joined a fighting contest and won the princess of Sibe King (Gūwalca family). Gūwalca was a renown family in Jin Dynasty, awarded with the fiefdom Sibe, and served the Mongols in Yun Dynasty. When it came to the end of Yuan Dynasty, the once prosperous state went into decline with mere 100+ li (60-70km) territory and a broken castle, with Dorgi Suwan Bira (lit. inner Suwan River). Nacibulu joined Sibe and revived the state with his military talent.
    • Yuan summoned the aids from Sibe to suppress the Red Turbans, but Nacibulu led the army the other way, attempting to restore the Jin Dynasty with this force. However, Sibe people were not willing to help Nacibulu and tried to catch him. Nacibulu managed to ran away and got rescued by the guards of Jiwailang (吉外郎) by claiming his name Nara Nacibulu of Honile, while the Sibe general was rejected from entrance because he could not speak Jurchen.
    • Nacibulu became a power figure in Haixi region. Although he leaned to Ming Dynasty, the Mongols wanted to ally with Nacibulu but got rejected. The Mongols with help of Sibe conquered and carshed the Jiwailang city, and Nacibulu ran to nowhere, suprising to find the city of Honile. He became the lord of Honile and asked his family back from the split state of Sibe. In the end, he gave his throne to his son Duolahuqi (多拉胡奇) and lived with his mother in the Hoifa valley.
  3. Stories after Nacibulu:
    • Under the regime of Duolahuqi, Hulun became powerful, reaching Tumen in the east, Dongliao River in the south, Korchin Steppe in the West, and Non River in the North. He was elected Šanyan Duoerheji (多尔和济; ?Doro Hoji? merit son-in-law? ) over the whole Haixi region. However, Ming Dynasty was not willing to see a powerful Jurchen state, and gave the title of Wuzhe Wei within the territory of Duolahuqi to Xiyangha and Jianzhou Wei to another family, which suppressed the expansion of Hulun state.
    • Weji State, a matrilineal state in the east, was discontent with Hulun expansion. The princess Banzhe (班哲), daughter of Weji queen, Nagema (纳格玛), invaded Hulun in the name of Abka Hehe (lit. heaven goddess). Duoerheji did not want to fight with Jurchen and got married with Banzhe by accident.
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Addition: Renaming the Hulan region

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Overall of Hulan Privince: The province fell into struggle between Tashan Wei (塔山卫; Nara family, Jin-associated groups ) and Wuzhe Wei (兀者卫; Weji people, "barbarians"). Although Nara family eventually won the war against Wuzhe Wei, they failed to resist Mongol invasion and relocated themselves to the south, around Kaiyuan, known as Haixi Jurchen since the mid-Ming Dynasty. Notably, Suilengge is from Mongolian, while Byan was from Nanai.
  • Bayan Susu -> Bayan (susu). Literally rich village in Nanai, where the Ming established Buyan Wei(卜颜卫).
  • Morenda (木兰达) was renamed to avoid duplication with Muren and originally meant "Great River" from Mongolian Muren and Manchu da, where the Ming established Mulanhe Wei(木兰河卫).
  • Hulan (呼兰) was initially known as Julgei (possible name the Zhalu Wei 刺鲁卫), renamed after the founding of Hulan city in the 17th century.
  • Hvlan, the alt. spelling of Hulan, renamed to Tieli after the historical Tieli Mohe or Ejimi for Azhemi Wei (阿者迷卫) in Ming Dynasty.
  • Ougen -> Suilengge (绥楞额) originates from Suilengge Alin, borrowed from Mongolian, and was under Hūlan Guard jurisdiction (呼拉温卫) during the Ming.
  • Hailun (海伦) comes from the Manchu "Otter River" (Hailun Bira)
Overall of Huyur Privince: The province was initially Huyur Circuit (蒲峪路) covering the whole Huyur basin, formerly Wanggiyan stronghold and key fortress between Jin Dynasty and Mongolic people. Rich in corps and fish, this lowland, watery region might be one of the northmost farming regions in China at that era. This Tumen suffered from a disastrous rebel, with merely more than 100 Jurchen households left in the end. Many families was relocated to the Zhaozhou in the south for service. The region also had a significant Sibe and Mongolian population.
  • Yilata -> Nemeri (讷谟尔), where the Ming established Namuhe Guard (纳木河卫).
  • Nemeri -> Uyun Holdonggi Alin(乌云和尔冬吉阿林), also known in Manchu as Uyun Holdonggi Alin, meaning "Nine Smoky Mountains", a famous volcano in China. Last eruption in 1720.
  • Dalaiketun -> Huyur (蒲峪路), meaning "swamp" in Jurchen, where the Ming established Fuyu Guard (福余卫), under Uriankhai. Although this Wei is considered Mongolian, their leader was from Jurchen. Possibly mixed races in this area.
  • Zhalong -> Suwayan (率河/苏温) derives from Manchu Suwan Bira, where the Ming set up Suwen Guard (苏温河卫). Zhalong was from the Manchu word, Jalan, "Cormorant", for a Qing institution.
  • Baibaibulag (巴拜布拉克/拜泉) comes from the Mongolian baibai bulaG, meaning "baby spring", clearly influenced by Fuyu Wei.
  • Sart -> Sartu (萨尔图) is derived from the Mongolian saratu, meaning "with a moon", and also fell under the Ming Fuyu Guard (福余卫).
  • Talaha -> Bayanchagan (巴颜查干) was formerly the seat of the Drbed Mongol banner.
 
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Deprecated (Updated Table)
This table wasn't updated but I still have much to explain in it.
OldNewCultureCountryName aftersourceChinese (Japanese)
XunkaSukpaiWejiXunkaSukpai Bira in Manchu, or Xun in Udege where lives Udege Xunka ClanGX苏克派
BikinkaOlonWejiBikinkaAn udege village on the river of BikiGX & DT & FR鄂伦
ImankaKolumbeWejiNiman Bira (Duplicate); The only village Sidatun is from Chinese Xidatun, lit. West Large Village, on the confluence of Kolumbe River (窟窿别河)GX & DT窟窿别
VakaNimanNanaiImankaNiman Bira (Duplicate); Goat River in Manchu; Udge borrowed it as Iman.GX & DT窟窿别
AlchanAlchanWejiSeoli 失里绵卫Alkūn (wide steps) Bira?GX阿尔钦
newBisinNanaiBisin Bira (plain river) in Manchu; or Bijin PiraGX毕歆
KatenKatenNanaiKaten RiverGX卡腾
newHoroNanaiHoro 伏里其卫Qiantun Wei; Liu Bingzhong, who designed the name "Great Yuan" for Kublai Khan, came from this city.GX & DT和罗
NoguleJuceNamunkaJuce (watchhouse) BiraGX珠其
AnjuHūlhinNamunkaHūlhin Bira; unclear site of Anju city now.DT外富锦
ShiliSirinNamunkaSirin 失里卫Sirin BiraGX失里
newYaranNamunkaYaran 牙鲁卫(Jechen) border in ManchuGX & CH雅兰/苏城
YongmingchengHaishenwaiNamukaMuhiya 木阳河卫The Vaydzha in Udege is a transliteration of Chinese Waizi, the bay. Perhaps it originally refers to the Chinese city of Mayan but later refers to the Russian one nearby.GX海参崴
KaiyuanSupin/SuifenNamukaSuifun 速平江卫Suifun Bira; seat of Supin Circuit during Liao and Jin Dynasties, Kaiyuan Circuit in Yuan Dynasty.TT & FR速频
newJianzhouNamukaSuifun 速平江卫Jianzhou City of Bohai, where Jianzhou Jurchen was named afterTT & CH建州
TulaziTurmaNamukaSilhi 喜乐温河卫Turma BiraGX & RU图拉穆
newYancunJurchenSilhi 喜乐温河卫CG: Silhi Anggai Jiha Dogon, ferry of Shihi estuary. Historical Yanzhou (盐州; or 眼春 Yancun) City; FR: Fourdan Hoton on Yentchou R. Yes, they have two Furdans (Pass in Manchou) in the same region. Yanzhou was a major port of Bohai State, recieving Japanese merchants and envoys.CG & GX & FR盐州/眼春
HuncunHuncunJurchenHuncun 珲春卫Huncun Bira; Xiguan General Adminstration (奚关总管府) of Yuan Dynasty, former Bohai city tied to another city of Jurchen Wetehen Clan (this shape: 日). The name, Huncun, was possible from Wetehen Clan. This city trace back to Goguryeo regime, and had served as regional adminstrative center for centuries. Fio (Fiyoo) is the Jurchen nickname for this city, meaning dustbin because of its shape. The original city was abandoned in Ming Dynasty and new city was renamed to Huncun.CG & DT奚关/珲春/温特赫
newTungken AlinJurchenTungken 童宽山卫Tungken Alin, lit. Drum Mountain in Manchu; Jurchen Weisuo of Ming Dynasty; re-established as Vice-general adminstration in 1898-1906.GX & CG童宽
KahariGahariJurchenTungken 童宽山卫Gahari Bira; I saw it translated into Chinese as Wangqing (汪清), which should be Wang Cing in Manchu.DT噶哈里
YenjiAidanJurchenAidan 爱丹卫Aidan Hoton, former Ming Dynasty WeisuoFR & GT艾丹
LongjingShanluJurchenHailun 合兰城卫Shanlu was the seat of Luzhou under Bohai State, known for its rice. Amba Hailan, greater Hailan RiverDT杉卢
HelongXianzhouJurchenHailun 合兰城卫Xianzhou under Xiande Fu, capital of Bohai State (742-755), unearthed in 2000. Ajige Hailan, lesser Hailan RiverDT显州
Juru HotonJuru HotonJurchenJuru Hoton 双城卫Two cities; Julgei (Jurgan: command, justice) & Furdan (pass); TT: site of Yongmingcheng, though it drawed the city on Vladivostok. Avoid using Furdan and Julgei because many cities used these names.GT & GX双城子
newLefuJurchenLefu 勒伏卫Lefu Bira & Lefu Teleku; F1737: Lefou.FR勒富
DongmingSancara AngaraJurchenSuifun 速平江卫Fork Road in ManchuDT三岔口
MulunMurenHūrga/JurchenMuren 毛怜卫Muren Bira (Morin=Horse)GX & DT穆棱
JixiGihiHūrga/JurchenMuren 毛怜卫West of Coko Fiyo Gašan (Cock Crest Village)/ fury deer leatherDT & CG鸡西/鸡冠山
MishanHibsuHūrga/JurchenMuren 毛怜卫Hibsu Gashan (Honey Village)DT & CG密山
NotoNentuNanaiNiman 亦麻河卫Nentu BiraGX能图
NamunkaFaltuUdegeFaltu 忽儿秃卫Faltu Bira; Namunka probably means seaside clans (namun - sea; -ka, related things), which is also the name for the Donghai Jurchen. This is a clan name instead of a place name, Namun, while the current place is landlocked.GX勿儿秃/头道沟
AnchunHuyeUdegeHuye 兀也卫Huye Bira; Fake Jurchen name, actually named after a Russian explorer. see Alcuka for the real AnchunGX兀也/刀毕
YimanAkūliNanaiShilimian? 失里绵卫Akūli bira (Vaku could be a non-standard form Manchu for frogs)GX阿库里/瓦库
newSungachaNanaiShilimian? 失里绵卫Sungacha River from Jurchenic languagesDT松阿察
HulinCifurHūrga/JurchenMuren 毛怜卫Cifur BiraGX & DT七虎林
LahasusuLaha SusuUdegeKemu 可木山卫Lala Susu, Broken Hometown (Old House) in Nanai/ManchuCG拉哈苏苏
newIlgaNivkhGilyami 乞列迷卫Ilga, Flowers in ManchuCG伊力嘎
NuoluoNoroNanaiNoro 诺罗路Noro BiraGX挠力
ShuangyashanBocinHūrgaHūrga 胡里改部Bocin Bira; Downtown Shuangyashan not included in this location.DT & CG宝清
FutiFukjinNanaiFuti 弗提卫Hill in NanaiTT & CG弗提/富克锦/富锦
newWanlinJurchenWanlin 万里河卫Seat of Ancient Yuelidu Clan (越里笃部) in Liao Dynasty, and Tuowolin (脱斡怜) Tumen, marked as Ouanlin in FR.TT & FR脱斡怜/万里河/宛里
newBirayanJurchenWanlin 万里河卫Alternaitve name of Birayan Alin - Juru Niyehe Alin (Two Duck Mountain; 朱鲁乜赫阿林); Birayan, alternative name for the mountain.FR & TT双鸭山/毕勒言
TulguurTulguurDaurHūrga 胡里改部Lit. pillar in MongolianCG都鲁
newOrimaHūrgaHūrga 胡里改部Lit. lenok in Manchu, built in 1073 as the fourth city of Five State Clan (五国部)CG奥里米
ZhuangheHuánggǔdǎoJiaoliaoYuanHuanggudao, lit. Yellow Bone Island, is a land-tied island located between Jinzhou and Yalu River, as a key naval base in Ming's war with Japanese pirates and Manchu; Zhuanghe was created in 1906.CG黄骨岛
XiuyanXiùyánJurchenYuanVertical in ManchuDT绣岩
JinzhouJīnzhōuJiaoliaoYuanJilizhou (积利州) under Goguryeo; controlled by Chinese immigrants; surrended and loyal to Ming in 1371.CG金州
FuzhouFùzhōuJiaoliaoYuanBuyeo people that were relocated by Khitan Liao Dynasty; controlled by Chinese immigrants; surrended and loyal to Ming in 1371.CG复州
GaizhouGàipíngJiaoliaoYuanGaimoucheng (盖牟城) under Goguryeo; controlled by Chinese immigrants; surrended and loyal to Ming in 1371.CG盖平
HaizhouHǎichéngJiaoliaoYuanLiterally sea city, said to emerge from the sea according to Jurchen; controlled by Chinese immigrants; surrended and loyal to Ming in 1371.CG & DT海城
DalingheJǐnchuānJurchenYuanJinchuan (锦川), alternative name of Dalinghe River; Dalinghe Fort, Middle Left Weisuo of GuangningCG锦川
JinzhouYanYuanKhitan placed Chinese PoWs around Jinchuan (锦川) to build a ctiyCG锦州
newTashanTashan Fort, Middle Left Weisuo of Ningyuan, built in Tang Dynasty, known for its pagoda, famous battlefield in Ming-Qing transition and Chinese Civil War.塔山
NíngyuǎnJurchenYuanOriginal Xingcheng (兴城), after Balhae people from Xingzhou (兴州) = Tieling. Xingzhou Balhae were relocated by Khitan, from Xiande Fu (显德府) = Helong. Renamed to Ningyuan in 1460.CG & DT宁远
QiantunRuìzhōuJurchen/YanYuanQiantun Wei; Liu Bingzhong, who designed the name "Great Yuan" for Kublai Khan, came from this city.CG瑞州
KaichengJùliúhéJurchen/KoreanYuanKaicheng was initially named Juliuhe City (巨流河城) in 1641, after the alternative name of the Liao River, possibly a Korean origin. This city was a major transportation hub for its waterway access and bridge on the Liao River.CG巨流河
WangpingWàngpíngJurchen/YanYuanReuse of a Qin-dynasty county name; Zhang Sanfeng, a Daoist master, came from this city.CG望平
GuangningGuǎngníngJurchenYuanInitially Wulū (无虑) during Han Dynasty, after Ilagūri Alin (医巫闾山), where burried two Khitan emperors. Renamed to Guangning by Jurchen Jin DynastyCG广宁
YizhouYānjùnchéngJurchenYuanYanjuncheng was initially built as seat of Yizhou in 786. This is just a suggestion to avoid duplicate names.CG燕郡城
FuxinSiratalayingolJurchenYuanUnder Taining Wei (Uriankhai) and Tumet Left Banner. Xiritalayingaole (细日塔拉因高勒): Sir_a (Yellow) -tal_a (Steppe) -yin ('s) Gool (River)CG & CH细河
JabiyanHecemuJurchenYuanThe borther of Nurgaci, Surgaci, revolted in Hecumu (modern Heishimu village; 黑石木村). Yengge (英额) Hoton is another city nearby.CG & DT黑扯木
newSarhūBattle of Sarhu is the key battle in the Ming-Qing transition. Ming lost 45,800 men and the majority of Liaodong after this battle, while Jianzhou causality was estimated only about 2,000.萨尔浒
Heto AlaHetu AlaJurchenYuanLit. horitzontal hill (横岗) in ManchuDT赫图阿拉
FushunGuìdé/GuìduānJurchen/Korean/YanYuanChinese and Balhae built this city under Khitan command in 926, after Guiduan River (贵端水, from an older form of Hunehe Bira 浑河); renamed to Fushun in 1368.CG & DT贵德
ShěnyángShěnyángKoreanYuanLiterally North of Shen River. Initially Shenzhou after Shen River. Renamed to Shenyang combing names of Shenzhou and Liaoyang in Yuan Dynasty.Renamed to Mukden in 1634.CG沈阳
LiáoyángShěnyángKoreanYuanLiterally North of Liao River in ChineseCG辽阳
QinheQīnghéJurchenA major fort in Jurchen unification and Ming-Qing transitionCG清河
LinjiangYaluJurchenYuanYalu was capital of Bohai State and Ding'an State after Yalu Ula RiverCG鸭渌
WanggikaFuluJurchenYuanWanggiya (not Wanggika) was a major clan of Jianzhou Jurchen migrated from the Hurga River Basin. The city was known as Zhengzhou (正州) or Feiliujun(沸流郡) in Bohai and Khitan regime, after the river, Fulu Ula(富尔江).CG & DT沸流
DonggoFosonJurchenYuanIn 1433, Koreans attacked Jianzhou Jurchen in this region.CG婆猪
newWanduJurchenYuanFirst capital of Goguryeo, nicknamed as Pochengzi (破城子) in Qing Dynasty, now Ji'an City.CG丸都
KuandianPushiJurchenYuanKuandian was built in 1573. The Pushi (蒲石) River was first known as Bozhuo (泊汋; with a city) in the 8th century as Tang-Bohai border and translterated as Pou-che in French in 1737.CG & FR蒲石
DingliaoFenghuangJurchenYuanInitially a Goguyeo city on Fenghuang Mountain, nicknamed Fenghuangcheng (Fenghuang City). Ming used the Fenghuang Fort as seat of Dingliao Right Wei. French recorded as Fonghoang in 1737.TT & FR凤凰城
DandongJiulianchengJurchenYuanJiuliancheng (Jiulian City) was a 12th century city within the current jurisdiction. In 1894, Japanese conquered the city from Qing Dynasty. Renamed to Dandong (Red East) under communism in 1965.TT & FR九连城
KaiyuanKaiyuanJurchen/Uriankhai/KoreanYuanInitially Xianping (咸平) as capital of North Jurchen State (北女真国) in the 11th century. Became seat of Kaiyuan (开元) Circuit in 1346. Renamed to Kaiyuan (开原) in 1392. Regional Trade Center for trade with Jurchen, Mongols, and Korean.CG开原
newYeheYehe Bira. Althoug many sources claimed Yehe family was named after the river Yehe, but Yehe was actually from Niyhe - duck in Manchu, which also refers to the Sunggari
newHadaHada Bira; it is actually from a Hada
TielingYingzhouJurchenYuanEstablished as Fuzhou by Bohai in 713; Renamed to Yingzhou for silver mine in 917. Renamed to Tieling in 1388 as Ming gave up Ssangseong (Tieling was its south border).CG银州
YizhouYizhouUriankhaiUriankhaiEastablished as the drowy of a Khitan Princess in 1023. See FuxinCG懿州
TongliaoJiremUriankhaiUriankhaiUnder control of Khorchin Mongolian in Ming Dynasty. Known for the location for Khorchin conference, Jirem Mountain.CG哲里木
YeheHanzhouKhorchinSibeBurdeku was a major gate of Willow Palisade, the boundary between Mongol and Manchu in Qing Dynasty. The current location did not include Yehe Town (see in Kaiyuan). May mistake Yehe Shanyan for Yehe City.DT布尔图库
JuxeriJuxeriJurchenJuxeriThree Clan of Changbai Aiman JurchenDT朱舍里
Golmin SalggiyanNeyenJurchenNeyenThree Clan of Changbai Aiman JurchenCG讷殷
HuifachengHoifaJurchenHoifaHuiba (回跋) under Bohai State. Jurchen Hoifa Clan was named after the Mountain Hoifa.CG辉发
HoifaNadan FereJurchenHoifaNadan Fere was a Bohai city, nicknamed as Sumi (苏密). Ming renamed it to Nadanfu (那丹府). Avoid using the same name with Hoifa.CG那丹府
LefuTodoJurchenTodo 秃都河卫Todo Bira, lit. bustard river in Manchu; renamed to Jiaohe for duplicate names.CG & DT秃都
SunggariHotonggiJurchenHotonggi 禾屯吉卫Heturi Bira (i.e. Gudong River, 古洞河); Lit. branch river in ManchuCG禾屯吉
Ilan HalaIlan HalaHūrgaHūrga 胡里改部Three clans in Manchu; capital of Five State Confederation (五国部) under Jin and Yuan.依兰
Mudan UlaNiyeheHūrgaHūrga 胡里改部Ducks in Manchu. The historical regional center on the Mudan Ula against the current Mudanjiang City before the railway.CG乜河
NinggutaHūrhanHūrgaOdoli 鄂多哩部The name of Ningguta was first mentioned during the 17th cenutry. Before Jurchen migration, the region was known for Huhancheng (忽汗城), capital of Bohai State, after the Hurga River.CG忽汗
OdoliAkedunHūrgaOdoli 鄂多哩部Originally site of Aodong (敖东) City, the first capital of Bohai State (698-742). Aisin Gioro family renamed it to Odoli (鄂多哩), home to their mythical ancestor, Bukuuri Yongshon, son of a fairy. Duinhua City was named after the original name of Aodong, pronounced Akedun (阿克敦) instead of Odoli in 1882 (Odoli should only be a clan name not a city name).FR阿克敦
HailangGioroHūrgaOdoli 鄂多哩部Hailan Bira, lit. the elm river in Manchu; Hailan was previous seat of Ningguta and said to be around Gioro, fatherland of the imperial family.CG & DT觉罗
MalongMayanJurchenYuanMayan Bira, lit. elbow river in ManchuGT蚂蜒
ShulanŠuranJurchenYuanŠuran biraDT舒兰
YushuLalinJurchenLalin 纳邻河卫Lalin Bira; Lalin city was originally built as a supply center for Shangjing; the most productive farmland in modern ChinaDT拉林
BodunaBeduneSibeSancaha 撒叉河卫Bedune HotonDT伯都讷
newChaganurUriankhaiDoyan 朵颜卫Lit. White Lake in Mongolian, seat of Gorlos Mongols and Non Khorchins was located in Qara Modo (qar_a modo, lit. black forest, or transliterated into Harmod) along the Chagan Nagur (Chaghan naghur/Qaramodo)CG查干淖尔
ZhaozhouZhaozhouMongolianDoyan 朵颜卫Initially Chuhedian (出河店), renamed to Zhaozhou (probably Juraci - start from in Manchu) for the first Jurchen victory over Khitan.CG肇州
HulawenAlejinJurchenJulgei? 剌鲁卫Hulawen is Yuan-style transcription of Jurchen word, Hu-la-n (i.e. Hūlan). First recorded in Manchu in 1865 as a shipping stop, possibly from 11-13th century placename, Alejin (阿勒锦; but Manchu transcripted it as Julgen, see Hulan); or from old Jurchen Halpiyan, lit. deplanate.GT阿勒锦
ShangjingAlcuka/AncunJurchenLalin 纳邻河卫Alacuka Bira and Alacuka Hoton in Manchu Alacuka dialect, 12-century Jurchen as Ancun; Shangjing means northern capital.CG阿勒楚喀/按春
Girin UlaGirinJurchenYuanGirin Ula, lit. along the river in ManchuDT吉林
ItuItun/ItungJurchenItun 亦东河卫Itun Bira; Kangxi map (1619) used Itun instead ItungDT伊通/伊敦/依秃
newSuwayanJurchenItun 亦东河卫Suwayan BiraCG & DT苏瓦延
newHersuJurchenHersu Bira; part different basins. A major fort in Tang-Goguryeo War and Yehe-Jianzhou War, later a Gate of Willow Palisade in Qing Dynasty.GT赫尔苏
ChangchunWomuchengMongolianItun 亦东河卫Ujukhot, aGujiGu qota, Lit. wide city in Mongolian, inferred from Chinese meaning of wide city and pronunication of Wuhaote (乌浩特), the Mongolian form of the current placename before immigration.GT & CH斡母城/乌浩特/宽城
Nong'anLong'anJurchenYuanOriginally capital of Fuyu State, later developed by Gugroyeo, Chinese, Khitan, and Jurchen, with a series of names. Became seat of Kaiyuan Circuit in early time but lost its status then.CG隆安
GongjiangUlaJurchenHongnile (弘尼勒城) in 12th century, said to be riverside fortress in Jurchen (not in Manchu); became capital of Ula in 1406CG & CH乌拉
WeheWekenJurchenYuanWeken BiraDT倭肯
ChalinSarinUdegeSarin 撒力卫Sarin Bira; Wuzhe WeisuoCG萨琳
WanhufuTon/TawuunUdegeHūrga 讨温卫Ton Bira in Manchu; Tawuun in OroqenDT桃温
newJarinUdegeTon 兀者托温所Jarin BiraCG扎琳
TaowenIcunUdegeTon 屯河所Icun BiraDT伊春
HvlanTieliJurchenHūlan 呼拉温卫Ancient Tieli StateFR铁骊
Bayan SusuBayanNanaiBayan 卜颜卫Bayan Susu, lit. rich village in NanaiDT巴彦
newMorendaJurchen/DaurMorenda 木兰河卫Muren Pira, Mulanda River (木兰达); but the modern sources said Moren from Mongolian and Da from Manchu. Avoid duplicate, see Muren.FR & CH木兰达
HulanHūlanJurchenJulgei 刺鲁卫Initially Julgei (FR: Tchoulgue; TT:朱尔格依) before Hūlan city was built in the 17th century.FR & TT呼兰
HailunHailunJurchenHūlan 呼拉温卫Hailun Bira, the otter river in ManchuDT海伦
OugenSuilenggeJurchenHūlan 呼拉温卫Suilengge Alin, borrowed from Mongolian.DT绥楞额
NemeriUyun Holdonggi AlinDaurNemer 纳木河卫Nemer Sekiyen, borrowed from Daur. FR: Ouiun Holdomi Alin; GT: Uyun Holdonggi Alin, lit. Nine Smoky Mountains (Volcanos). It errupted in 1720.DT纳莫里色禽/乌云和尔冬吉阿林
DalaiketunHuyurJurchenFuyu 福余卫Huyur bira, lit. swamp, borrowed from Mongolian; FR: Houiour Pira ->WuholdonggiGT & FR蒲峪路
ZhalongSuwayanJurchenSuwan 苏温河卫Suwan Bira & Suwan Hada, lit. cormorant river in Manchu; Jalan, colonel ranks in Manchu Banner System; This place name is also used in the southern ManchuriaGT率河/苏温
newBaibaibulagMongolianFuyu 福余卫baibai bulaG, lit. baby spring in MongolianGT巴拜布拉克/拜泉
SartSaratuMongolianFuyu 福余卫saratu, with a moon or like a moon in MongolianDT萨尔图
TalahaBayanchaganUriankhaiFormer seat of Drbed Mongolian banner
YilahaNemerJurchenYuanNemer Bira; Loloqho PiraFR & DT莫里河/纳嚜里河/讷默尔河/罗罗科河/老莱河
GorlosHara UsuMongolianYuanQara Usu, lit. black water (lake); In 1904, the county of Kaitong was set in Qara Usu village.DT & CG哈拉乌苏/青龙泡
HuolinHolingolMongolianYuanqoolia γoul, lit. Far River in MongolianDT霍林郭勒/霍林河/霍林
TuliemaoTulegmodoMongolianYuantUlege modo, lit. firewodd forest in Mongolian, site of a Liao Dynasty cityCG & DT吐列毛杜
TaluheSolonEwenkYuanFR: solon for the mountainous region; Solon was established as a county-level adminstration in 1916 and dissolved in 1948.FR & DT挞鲁河/洮儿河
WafangDaičintalMongolianYuandaičin tal_a, lit. heroic steppe in Mongolian, seat of tüsiyetü prince. bUdUgUn bulaG, big spring in MongolianDT & CG代钦塔拉/卜同布拉格/突泉
ChaghankherChangchunMongolianYuanrenamed to Taining from Changchun (长春) in 1198, awarded to Temüge under Taining Wei in Yuan Dynasty. Later, the city beame a ruin colored in white, which Mongols called ChaghanhotCG & DT长春
ZhengjiatunBayantalMongolianYuanLit. rich steppe in Mongolian, seat of Khorchin princes. The Khorchin princes allowed immigrants enagaged in farming along the Xiliao and set a place for stopover, later know as ZhengjiatunDT巴彦塔拉
KailuHuatugalMongolianYuanquwa tuGul tulit. beige young cow in Mongolian, seat of Darkhan princes with a Tibetan temple.DT花吐古拉
LinhuangLinhuangMongolianYuanSeat of Linhuang Fu, Shangfu of Liao Dynasty, where the mesoluims of Liao DynastyCG临潢
QingzhouQingzhouMongolianYuanQingzhou city of Liao Dynasty, known in Mongolian as Sûbrag(索不力嘎, lit. Pagoda in Mongolian)GT庆州
Haiha'erHaiharMongolianYuanLit. rapid current in Mongolian; Don't know the original form in MongolianGT海哈尔
XinkaiGurbantolgodMongolianprevious Mongolian name for the town of Lubei, seat of the current Jarud Banner.固拉本陶老稿/三山
HurleCholJurchen/UrainkhaiFuyu 福余卫Tazicheng (塔子城), Taizhou of Liao Dynasty, rename to Jin'an in 1198, awarded to Temüge in 1124. In 1406, Jurchen chieftain Hushidai (忽失歹) took the leadership of Fuyu Wei, seated in this city, later known as Chol in Qing Dynasty. Possibly from Tsuur, a traditional Mongolian flute.CG泰来
TaizhouDoyanUriankhaiDoyan 朵颜卫Doyan Mountain, locally Bogda Sacred Mountain, as the conference site of Uriankhai Weis.CG泰州
CholTarqiUriankhaiYuanChol town in the upper Chol was possibly a Japanese airbase in WWII named after the river Chol; Taerzi is the major foresty base in this area.OSM塔尔气
ButehaYalEwenkYuanSeat of Buthai Vice-general (buthai: fishing and hunting) to adminstrate 5 jalans and 5 abas for Manchu eight banners to hunt in 1691. The seat was originally on the river, yal bira, same name with Yalu River. Yal is a Solon alteration of Yalu, which means border in ManchuWK雅鲁/雅尔
LahaIabqiDaurYuanIabqi Gaxn, a historical Daur villageWK伊倭齐
QiqiharCicigarDaur/JurchenYuanKhitan set Hari (哈日, similar to qoriG_a(n) in Mongolian, meaning restriction) on the Jicin (jecen, border in Jurchen) river in 916. May be reconstructed as Jicinhari? Eventually became Cicihar in Daur. Lit. border defense. XIZagarI (Hizagari; 喜扎嘎日) in modern Daur, while Cicigar in modern Manchu.WK & DT齐齐哈尔
HaraDaur/TartarPossibly ancient city for Tartar and the Jurchen defense.哈拉
ArunArinDaur/EwenkArin 阿伦卫Arin River; Arin was Daur or Ewenk origin. Arin means clean in two languages.WK阿荣/阿伦
BilaNominOroqenYuanNemin Bira/Nomin Bira, a town named after this river in the estuary of Bila, from Oroqen nomiin/nəmiinDT诺敏
NuominTocaminOroqenSolontoʧamiin in Oroqen for the upper Nomin river. A township was named after this.DT托扎敏
MergenDaur/Ewenk/OroqenYuanMergen Bira; mergen means smart, borrowed from Turkic languages. A village of Daur, Solon, and Oroqen people before 17the century.DT墨尔根
KuileGüilDaur/MongolianYuangüils, Apricot in Mongolian; or a place with a river in DaurGT奎勒
GanGān/JakdaciOroqenYuanGaan dɔɔn in Oroqen, lit. Great River; Jakdaci is the city nameGT甘河/加格达奇
DobkuriDobukūrOroqenYuanDobukuur Biraa in Oroqen. Also an Oroqen clanDT多布库尔
NonGūliOroqenGūlli 古里氏Guuli dɔɔn, a river in the area. Also an Oroqen clanDT古里
MenluMelurDaurYuanMelur Bira in Manchu, borrowed from DaurDT门鹿
BoluohePoro NayAinuPoronay 波罗河卫Boluo River in Chinese, identical to Poro Nay, Big River in Ainu, around modern PoronayskWK波罗河 (敷香)
NayoroEtutoroAinuBetween capes in AinuWK(恵須取)
NayoroNayoroAinuNoya Ush, a place (Ush) where grow mugworts (Noya) in Ainu; inferred from meaningDT(名好)
KushunkotanKushun KotanAinuKush-un-kotan, Village with a path in AinuWK(久春古丹)
GuohuoToichasiAinuRose Hip Hill in AinuWK果夥 (白主)
WuliheNoglvo (Nivkh)/ Nuliye (Manchu)NivkhNuliye 兀烈河卫Nolga Vo=smelly river in Nivkh; Nuliye Bira in ManchuWK兀烈河/奴列河 (縫江)
PorokotanTymyNivkhSmokes in Nivkh达溪 (対毛)
IduiIduy(Manchu)/Ruy (Nivkh) /Ito Nay (Ainu)Orok/NivkhIduyUnknown origin of Nivkh or Ainu; Reimond77 transcripted it as Ito-nai (Ito Nay, Ito River) in AinuTT & FR衣堆 (落石)
newPila Vo (Nivkh+Russia)/ Amba (Manchu)/ Poro Kotan (Ainu)Ainu/Nivkh/UdegePila'voBig Village in Nivkh/Manchu/Ainu. An American map recorded as Amba (Big in Manchu). Manchu recorded as Pulong Gashan.TT & FR蒲隆 (波羅古丹)
Nangha'erNanharuNivkhLangry 囊哈尔卫Langry RiverTT & RU囊哈尔
BulavaBulauOrochYuan 卜鲁兀卫Name for an Oroch magical staffGX卜鲁兀/布拉乌
NurganNiruganNivkh/JurchenYuanPainting in ManchuDT奴儿干
newMiyooNivkh/JurchenYuanTemple (Yongning Temple) Village in ManchuDT庙街
UsalginGuweleGuwele BiraGX郭勒
TugurTugurNivkhTugur 督罕河卫Tugur BiraGX图呼勒
ToromToronNivkhSali 撒里河卫Torom River; JHT: Toron Bira; F1737: Touhourou BiraGX, JHT, & FR托伦/索伦
ShantarShantarNivkhNot discoveredto be white in NivkhGX尚塔尔
DerenKijiNivkhKiji 钦真卫Kiji BiltenGX奇集
newJariNivkhJari 扎岭卫Jari CityGX扎岭/扎里
newKemerNivkhKemer 克默尔河卫Kemer BiraGX克默尔
TumzhdinTumjinOrochTumjin BiraGX托穆津/土迷
DattaDattaOrochMouth in Udege达塔?
KoppiKoppiOrochKoppi RiverGX都尔
SamarginkaEleJurchenEle 斡兰河卫Ele BiraGX & CG斡兰
KemaTakemaJurchenRussian Kema derived from Chinese Takema, also known as takema or Takunza (Такунжа), lit. Great Kema; Great fall in Chinese, or Sitsa, lit. narrow branch in Chinese. Kema might be from an unknown Jurchen/Udege word (kamni: pass? kemnen: limit?)WK大克马/塔涧玛
XungakeXungakeUdegeZhuang'ai WeijiGX庄霭
UninkaDondonNanaiHarfen? 哈儿分卫Dondon Bira, border of Yupi (upper stream) and Hezhe (lower) linguistic groups of Nanais.GX & CG敦敦河
newUniUdegeUdege Uninka clan borrowed Nanai word, Oni for mountain creek as the name for the Dondon.CG阿纽伊河
NemptuIrkuluNanaiIrkulu 亦儿古里卫In 1434, Irkulu headman Woluo (斡罗) asked Ming aids to revenge Udege.GX亦儿古里
BoliBeri/BohoriNanaiHijan 喜申卫Bow/Peanuts in Manchu; Boli was one of five states under Ilan Hala, which relocated to the Songgari basin in Yuan Dynasty.GX伯力
SimmiGehenNanaiGehen 盖干卫Gehen WeiGX格根
AchanFudaliNanaiFudali 傅达里站Fudali Lake; Cossacks occupied Odzhal(Ujala in Manchu; Wuzhala 乌扎拉 in Chinese) village and named it Achansk. This village is not as important as Fudali on the Amur trade route.GX伏林答
KurKuruNanaiKuru 古鲁河卫Kur River; Kuru Bira; FR: Kourou PiraJHT & GX古鲁/库噜
UrmiUrmiNanaiYuanUrmi River; Umi BiraJHT乌尔米
BiraKimniNanaiYuanKimni BiraGX比罗比詹/奇穆尼河/乞母泥河
BidzhanBijanNanaiYuanBijan Bira毕占
SutaraSutarNanaiYuanSutara Gold Mine, after Sutarskiy Ridge (Sutar)苏塔尔?/毕占窝集
KukanNanaiYuanKuban River?库坎?
DzhukMang'acanNanaiManggacan 满泾卫Manggacan Wei, Mang'achan (莽阿禅) village in Qing DynastyGX满泾
DzhukUdylNegidalUdyl 敷答河卫Udyl LakeRU敷答
AmgunHenggunNegidalAmgun 兴衮河卫Henggun BiraGX兴衮
newImNegidalIm 依木河卫Im BiraGX依木
KerbiGerbiNegidalGerbi 朵儿必河卫Kerbi RiverRU格尔毕
DukinDukiNegidalDuki RiverRU都噶津/都噶河
ImilenImile BiraNegidalImilen 亦文山卫Imilen River and MountainGX额密勒/伊米勒
BitkiBijan Bira/SulansaJurchen毕津河/苏朗萨GX毕津
PildaKalarJurchenYuanA Manchu riverside villageGX喀拉尔
newGuwelehenJurchenYuanA Manchu riverside villageGX郭勒勋
newCikduhaJurchenYuanCikduha BiraGX齐克图哈
newFiyersuJurchenFiyersu 福山卫GX菲生
UschuAjiJurchenAji 阿者卫Aji BiraGX阿者
newIowetkeJurchenIowetke 友贴卫Iowetke BiraGX由倭特克
newBahaliJurchenBahali 卜鲁兀卫?GX葛林
KedarKedarJurchenGerin 葛林河卫?GX孔东
EvurDosomiNegidalDosomi 朵尔毕河卫Dosomi BiraGX多索密河
Upper NiomanNioman SekiyenJurchenYuanJHT: Nioman Sekiyen; FR: Nicouman Sekin; lit. Root of the Nioman in ManchuJHT & FR牛满色禽
UrgalUrgalJurchenYuanUrgal RiverGX乌尔罕河
TyrmaSairamJurchenYuanTyrma RiverGX赛拉木河
TujunTujunJurchenYuanTujun RiverGX阿图音河
OlongkiJolonkiJurchenYuanJolonki BiraGX鄂朗奇河/卓伦奇河
AkishmaAkishmaJurchenYuanAkishma RiverGX阿奇什玛河
ArkhanraHaraJurchenYuanHara BiraGX哈拉河
JiayinJayinOroqenYuanJa i Bira, from Manchu Jaya, lit. small boat. ʤajin dɔɔn in Oroqen, after the holy mountain in the upper flow.DT嘉荫
ZhanheSūnOroqenYuanSun Bira, lit. Milk River in Manchu; Cehede, lit. firewood house in Oroqen. Sūn Biraxaan in Oroqen, where lived sunjin clan.DT逊河/逊别拉
ChenqingJānOroqenYuanJan Bira, lit. Rapid River in Manchu; Ten River in Oroqen, where lives the Janjin Clan.GT霍尔莫津
XunheHormoljinOroqenYuanHormoljin was a key fortress in Sino-Russian border until the WWI; in Oroqen, something related to Hormol river, or the clan around the Hormol river.GT
AigunSahaliyan UlaDaur/OroqenSibaguci 失宝赤万户The original Aigun city was modern Grodyekovo in Russia, named after Aigun River, and the current Aigun city was initially Sahaliyan Ula Hoton built in 1685 as the adminstrative center of Sahaliyan Ula basin, nicknamed New Aigun. Heihe and Blagoveshchensk were originally one city named Hailanpao or Hailan Boo. sibaGuci, bird-raiser in Mongolian, a Yuan TumenGT萨哈连乌拉/黑河
NiomanNiomanJurchenYuanBureya means Great River (Bira) in Ewenki and Oroqen.GX牛满江/纽勒们河
Tom'TomoJurchenTomo 脱木河卫Tomo BiraGX托莫河
TehchaAigunDaurYuanOld Aigun City was located on the left back of the Amur along the Aigun River. The site is in Grodekovo.GT瑷珲/旧瑷珲
BirmaBirmaJurchenYuanBirma RiverGT巴里木河
GromatukhaJurchen阿剌山卫鄂约河鄂约河
TygdeJurchen哈拉察卫Tygde River提克德河
BirBirayanJurchen卜鲁丹河卫必拉彦河必拉彦河
KuanheGunNanai/DaurYuanGun Bira, lit. Deep River; Gun is borrowed from Mongolian宽河
HumarKumārOroqenYuanHūmar Bira; kumaar in Oroqen沾河
TaheTahaDaurYuanTaha, mussel in Daur塔哈河/塔河
SaharSahalcaOroqenYuanSahalca was a historical tribe, known as Eligvd to Mongols, living in this place萨哈尔察
PanguPanggūOroqenYuanPanggū Bira, lit. sharp turns in Oroqen盘古河
YakesaYaksaDaurYuanOriginally under prince Albaz-led Daur Yarsh Mukun (i.e. alliance of clans in Manchu; Russians called it Solon Khanate); in 1639, Solon revolted against Manchu and the city got destryed by Manchu. In 1650, Khabarov rebuilt this city as his camp.雅克萨/阿尔巴津
EmuerEmurJurchenYuanEmur bira in Manchu; ŋəmur dɔɔ in Oroqen额木尔河
MoheMeriheDaurYuanInitially Merihe Huarg in Daur; Gold discovered in 1887.漠河
AmazarAmazarJurchenYuanAmazar River阿马扎尔河、莫哥查
UrkaUriJurchenYuanUri Bira额哩河
OlloJurchenYuan1额尔多库勒
BryanteBryanteJurchenYuanBryante River巴尔坦河/布连塔河
TukuringraTukuringraJurchenYuanTukuringra Mountains投库尔鄂拉
TyndaTyndaJurchenYuanTynda River提克德河/田地河
UrkanUrkanJurchenYuanUrkan River乌尔河
GilyuyGilyuyJurchenYuanGilyuy River吉鲁河
MogotMogotJurchenYuanMogot莫郭特河
KupuriKupuriJurchenYuanKupuri River库普里河/巴里穆丹河/音克河
ArgiArgiJurchenYuanArgi River阿尔即河
DepJurchenYuan?
DjeeJurchenYuan?
MulmugaMulmugaJurchenYuanMulmuga River们梅哈河
TokTokJurchenYuanTok River托克河
KoganKhargaJurchenYuanKharga River哈尔固河?
SelemdeSmoybaJurchenYuanSmoyba River西林穆迪河/们河
BuseBuseJurchenYuanBuse River碧山河/贝萨河
UlmaOrmolkoJurchenYuanUlma River鄂尔谟尔科河
MamynMamynJurchenYuanMamyn River穆敏河
BurundaNaraSolonYuanNara Bira那拉
JiliuNiyorOroqenYuanNuxtəən dɔɔn in Oroqen; lit. fast-flowing stream, or Jiuliu in Chinese.Transcripted into Niyor in Manchu Kangxi Map.DT & CG牛尔
MerelkaMordaga GoolMongolianYuanmordaγ_a γool, lit. camp river in MongolianCG莫尔道嘎
Enhe HadaElhe HadaEwenkYuanFlat Mountain in Manchu; Ewenk Trade PostGT恩和哈达
GegenGegenDaur/MongolianYuanγeγen γuul, lit. clear river in MongolianDT根河
HasarHasarKhorchinYuanSeat of Jöči Qasar, ancestor of KhorchinDT哈撒儿城
AbagaitaHegjuunbulagMongolianYuanAbagaitu (阿巴盖图) apeared after 1911 and became a border dispute in the last century, while Hegjuunbulag was a historical name for the city of Manzhouli, lit. Spring of prosperity in Mongolian.OSM霍勒津布拉格
HailarĀliOroqenYuanAali biraa in OroqenDT海拉尔
XuguitYakxiDaur/OroqenYuanLit. fortress in Daur, see Yakesa; siGuitu, lit. forestDT牙克石
YiminImingolMongolianYuanimin γool in MongolianDT伊敏郭勒
Bayan UlaBayinuulMongolianYuanRich Mountain in Mongolian, seat of Temüge巴彦乌拉
HulunHailarMongolianYuan1呼伦布雨尔
KhalkhKhalkhMongolianYuan1喀尔喀
Barun Xiaba'erMandubulagMongolianYuanMongolian township, lit. thriving Spring Water in Mongolian, at the easternmost part of Juun Ujumucin. Barun Xabar is a lake in this region.满都宝力格
TamsabulagTamsabulagMongolianYuanProbably tasty spring in Mongolian塔木萨格布拉格
Buir NuurBuir NuurMongolianYuanLake Buir捕鱼儿海

Note 1: Norman=Hu=Möllendorff:ū=uu; š=sh; c=ch; j=zh; k'=kk; g'=gg; h'=hh; ts=ts'=c; dz=z; ž=z; cy=c'y=chy; jy=zhy; (Mongolian) gh=ɣ (I am note sure about the orthographical rules c for English ch but this is a Norman rule);
Note 2: Abbreviations: 1. JHT: Jiu Lin Jiu He Tu (Map of Nine Rivers of Jilin); 2. FR: Nouvel Atlas de la Chine, 1737 (in French); 3. GX: https://www.zhihu.com/column/c_1686309474338566144; 4: DT: Machu Dictionary (dorontu & hkuri); 5. CG: Chorographies; 5: CH: Inferred from Chinese; 6: RU: inferred from Russian
Note 3: Ula/Bira/Gol=River; Alin=Mountains; Hada=Peak; Hoton = City; Gašan/Boo=Village; Wai=Bay; Bilten/Nuur=Lake; Usu=Water; Bulag=Spring.
I made a map of Manchuria with the ethnic names, trying to have a more unified orthography but very confused with some languages. Many of the placenames came from the old Manchu maps and dictionaries, some are inferred from their meaning and prononciation in Chinese according to choreographic materials. There are much of the case, Manchu names are different from the native names or the Old Jurchen names. I used blue to label the locations with a tributary Weisuo, which paid tributes to the Ming Dynasty and acknowledged the authority. I am still working one the table explaining everything about these names.View attachment 1306637
 
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On Liaozhe and Liaodong Place Names
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Liaoze (辽泽)
was a huge marsh on the lower Liao River plain in today's Liaoning Province. In ancient times, it formed a wide belt of reeds, shallow lakes, and mud, making it hard for armies and traders to cross into Liaodong. Most of the wetlands were drained in the 20th century for rice fields and oil extraction, but parts of the delta are still protected as bird habitat today.

The marsh was initially a seaside gulf but later became inland, closed by the Liaodong Great Wall and mountainous areas in modern Heishan and Beizhen.

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  1. Xiǎndú (险渎), lit. "City of Dangerous River", a Han Dynasty County around modern Tai'an County.
  2. 1. Jùliúhé (巨流河), lit. "Mighty Flowing River", known for its bridge over the Liao River and the last port on Liao River from the sea in Ming and Qing Dynasty. 2. Yìlù (懿路), lit. "Virtuous Route", after the ancient state Yilou, a key pass between Kaiyuan and Shenyang.
  3. Délìsì (得利寺), lit. "Temple of Beneficial Gains", historical headquarter of Ming Dynasty Liaodong Wei, around the Fuzhou City.
  4. 1. Niúzhuāng (牛庄), lit. "Ox Village", a major seaport in Song-Jin era and became a city in Ming Dynasty, on the estaury of Liao River; 2. Ānshìchéng (安市城; 안시성), lit. "City of Peace Market", near Haicheng, a Goguryeo city and battlefield. 3. Yàozhōu (耀州), lit. "Brilliant Prefecture", a Bohai City, Ming Dynasty post, around modern Yingkou, destroyed in the 1904 Russo-Japan war.
  5. 1. Ānshān (鞍山), lit. "Saddle Mountain", a major iron mine since Liao Dynasty in the south of Liaoyang; 2. Shíchéng (石城), lit. "Stone City", initially Goguryeo Baiyan (白岩) city renamed as Shicheng in Jin Dynasty, and a logistics center in Ming Dynasty; 3. Liánshānguān (连山关), lit. "Pass of Connected Mountains" — this pass was a key transportation chokepoint leading to the Liaodong Regional Military Commission (辽东都司).
  6. Provinces: Shěnyáng (沈阳), Liáoyáng (辽阳), "Jīnfùzhōu" (金复州), Āndōng (安东), Jǐnzhōu (锦州), Guǎngníng (广宁)

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I also updated the map discribing the local placenames and known clans.
  1. I made a line between nomadic and settled people based on different evidence: for the north of the Amur, Soviet used to find Mongolic relic in the Zeya basin; for Sunggari basin, the placenames tell who had these places; in the south of the Sunggari, the Willow Palisade was the historical between steppe-like Mongolia and mountainous Manchuria.
  2. Japanese scholar Korehiro Anami noted that three main tribal groups lived along the upper Amur (Heilongjiang): the Hurha, Saharcha (Mongolic Daurs), and Solon (Evenki). Because of the Solon's military strength, neighboring groups often adopted their name.
    • Hurha lived closest to Qing power, southeast of Heilongjiang City (Aigun).
    • Saharcha (Daurs) lived to their north, from near Heilongjiang City to the Zeya River.
    • Solon lived the farthest north, along the Amur from north of Esuri (额苏里屯; in Mohe and Emuer) to Albazin (Yakesa).
  3. Hurha and Weji were two major groups in the pre-Qing Manchuria: Hurha originated from the Hurha River (Hurga or Mudan River), and occupied land along the lower Sunggari, mid-Amur, Ussuri, and part of lower Amur basins; Weji (or the alternative form Udihe) was frequently mentioned its matrilineality and uncivilized lifestyle, with many state named Weji in history, and even recorded before the name of Jurchen, as early as the 5th century, while the name Jurchen was only recorded unti the 7th century.
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I feel that Manchuria right now needs a bit of a fix. with "Udege" tag not being where Udege tag belongs, Nivkh using copypasted Manchu names (not even in the same language family, come on!) and having not one but two synonymous "generic" flags (Yeren, Donghai). So in this suggestion I will repurpose Yeren and Donghai into more sensible tags, as well as generally making this region more accurate.

View attachment 790236This is my suggested 1444 setup.
Ainu now owns Sakhalin and the Kurils. This is because these regions were Ainu too, not just Hokkaido. This also makes Ainu a bit more interesting.
Nivkh now doesn't have it's core territory as different religions, northern Sakhalin should start off Tengri. Also a new Nivkh culture which exists in all of their provinces. For a list of Nivkh male and female names to use, go here. If you do not want Nivkh culture, just have Nivkh use these names in common/countries rather than copy pasting from Manchus. They also start with the Amur Estuary in Deren (renamed into Tyr)
Solon has been expanded to include the originally Oroqen land that Yeren starts with. The Oroqen can deserve their own tag, but overall, without adding new tags, this is better. I would add an Oroqen tag here if there was space for it. Also the province of Urkan is renamed "Albazin", and Solon's capital moves to this province.
Udege has been moved to copy where Donghai goes right now, as that is where Udege people live. Possibility to either rename this tag "Orochon" (a name including Udege and the Orochs), or "Woji". Should still use Udege flag.
Donghai has been moved inland and it would be renamed "Nanai" (or "Hurha", if Udege is renamed Woji). For it's flag, use this, as I cannot find a single reference to the current Donghai flag outside of EU4. View attachment 790239 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nanaysky_rayon_(Khabarovsk_kray).png).
Yeren has been also moved, and renamed "Xibe". The Xibe were subjugated by Korchin in 1438, so they should start as a vassal of Korchin in-game and possibly have a truce. Also, this should be Xibe's flag: View attachment 790240
Jianzhou's capital should be Hetu Ala, as Huncun was not in the traditional Jianzhou territory anyways, and Hetu Ala was the base of the Aisin Gioro.. Haixi's capital should also move to Yehe as that's the base of the Yehe tribe, leaders of Haixi in-game.

A Warka tag composing Fu'erhe, Furdan, Huncun and Ningguta would be nice but is kinda optional.

Province Renames
Deren (1050) -> Tyr
Tyr was an actual Nivkh village (Deren was Ulchi), the city currently matches Tyr rather than Deren, and Tyr was the center of the Nurgan Comission which was disestablished less than 10 years prior to 1444. This province should also host the Amur Estuary.
Ulch (4216) -> Oroch
Ulch people lived in the province north of this, mainly, while the area of this province was inhabited by Orochs instead. Potential city name can be Datta.
Kalar (4214) -> Ulch
This is where Ulchs lived, rather than the current province. City name should be Tehcha (modern Bogorodskoye)
Urkan (2102) -> Albazin
Albazin was the capital of the Solon Khanate irl, and would be a city of importance in the area. I would ideally shift Halacha to include Albazin, but I wanna be somewhat conservative here.
Wolanhe (4656) -> Samarga
Major river here, one of the main centers of the Udege, prime location for their new capital.

Shilimian (4655) -> Sydagou
Could not find where this province's name comes from, so it's named after a river here.
Kuru (2105) -> Urmi
Could not find where this province's name comes from, so it's named after a river here.
Yaran (1850) -> Tarfun
Could not find where this province's name comes from, so it's named after a river here.
Edala (4661) -> Ula
Could not find where this province's name comes from, so it's named after the Ula and their main center.
Nangha'er (4658) -> Noglvo
Could not find where this province's name comes from, so it's named after a Nivkh settlement in modern Nogliki.
Sakhalin (1033) -> Enchiw
This province is not all of Sakhalin anymore. This is the name of the Sakhalin Ainu.
  1. Deren was important than Tyr in the Qing Dynasty, for Tyr was abandoned by the Ming Dynasty. Deren was then a trade center with an annual fair hosted by the Qing government to accept tributes from locals.
  2. Please don't use "Datta", as it is not a proper name but a random word that Russians learned from the native people and mistakenly identified as the city name. Use Tumjin instead.
  3. Tehcha seems Chinese to me.
  4. I did not find any reliable source on the account for the Solon Khanate, but someone may have fictionalized this part on the internet. They were organized into a mukun (a group of clans), but it is unclear whether they constituted a gurun (a khaniate).
  5. Sydagou, typically a Chinese word, literally means the Great West Valley. I saw this name earlier in my search, also for Kolombe, the river around Sydagou.
  6. Kuru is the river Kur on the old Russian map, a tributary of the Tunguska. Manchu thought Tunguska was the lower section of Kuru.
  7. Yaran is the old name of Partizanskaya, which was transliterated into Chinese as Suchan. The soviet changed Suchan to Partizanskaya. I saw its older form as "Jalan" in Jurchen, which literally translates to "commandant" in Manchu/Jurchen. They had used this name for thousands of years.
  8. Please don't use 'Ula', for it is not a proper name, but rather means 'great river'.
  9. Nangha'er is Langry instead of Noglvo.
  10. Sakhalin is known as Kuye/Kuyi among the Tungusic peoples, and the Chinese still refer to it by this name.

I met a version that the Daurs lived up to Modern Yakutia, they point to the Aldan tribe, from whose name the name of the river came, this is in the area of the modern village of Khandyga in Yakutia. But there were very few Daurs in Aldan.
Then, after the arrival of the Russians, because of their brutal behavior, numerous uprisings took place, and the Manchus resettled them south of the Amur River.
Then the Yakut refugee rebels, Daurs, Duchers and Manchurian regular troops united and in a long siege almost completely exterminated the Russian province in Albazin, 1.5 thousand Russian troops died there. The Nerchinsk treaty was concluded.
Then in 1858, after the weakening of the Qing due to the Opium War with Britain and the Taiping Rebellion, the Russians grabbed these lands back, modern Primorsky Krai, Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast. We concluded the Aigun tractate. Some Russians say that the Chinese in their maps depict Siberia as Chinese land. Perhaps some Chinese do not recognize the Aigun treatise.
See my previous post:
  • The word "Yakut" was used for "heathens" according to Solons; Solons (and Evenkis) follow Shamanism, while Yakuts follow Tengri.
  • Daurs originated from the upper Amur Basin, as archaeology has shown their activity in the valley above Amgun. The Manchus were previously known as the Hurha, and they were native to this region (Maybe the local Hurha differed much from their southern relatives).
  • Albazin was previously the capital of the Solon people, but it was not part of Russian territory. Manchu had just conquered Solon the year before the Russian invasion of Solon, and thus, Solon reported their loss to the Russians to the Khan and asked for Manchu's help to retake it.
Clan names for reference, add them to their respective tags
Kilen Gair Oninkan Bildakiri Fushar Hecikeri Ujala Jaksuru Gakhila Homiyan Choigor Tumelir Jorgolo Hurha Heje Kile Samar Yukaminka Udinka Donka - Nanai clans
N'asikhagil Ayimkan Chomokhogil Tapkal Udan Chukchagil Toyomkon Ayumkan Muktegil Bosakogil Olchakogil - Negidal clans
Bikini Samargin Iman Khor Aniuke - Udege clans (cant find more than this, sry)
Hathil Khodzer - Ulch clans (cant find more than this, sry)
I feel these are mukuns (group names), not halas (family names). Are you sure? They can use the same family names as Manchu, as far as I know, many Manchu families were from these clans.
I think this is how I would like to divide the Manchuria
View attachment 763718
Yeren changes its name to Xibo
Udege changes its name to Hurha
Donghai changes its name Wuji/Woji
Optionally, you can add one new country - Warka
I don't feel that this map is more accurate, as I dislike the creator of this map. Additionally, the locations of Zhechen (2) and Hunehe (3) were incorrect in the latest study. Hurha also owned some cities on the eastern bank of the Ussuri and was known as Weji Hurha for their mixed identity. Warka was the de facto mixture of Weji and Hurha.
 
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Haixi: True heir of the Jin Dynasty...
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Proposed culture map

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Main categories of Tungusic languages:
Jurchen (Dazhen), Hurga (Jianzhou or Hurga), Udihe (Weji), Haisi (Hulun), and Sibe (Sibe), Evenki (Solon), Daur (Sahalca), Ulch, Negidal; Haisi might be merged with Jurchen as they insisted on the old traditions of Jurchen scripts and language in the Ming Dynasty.

In the Ming Dynasty, Taowen City was under Hurga, Taowen Wei was possibly under the Haisi people, and another Weji Taowen Suo was under the Udihe people. That's why I am considering splitting different cultures, which was intended to resolve the situation where different Jurchen groups fought each other. It was understandable that Taowen (Ton) was home to Hurga, and they controlled the city. Haisi was expanding with some technology for building cities, while the Udihe people also threatened the region, but lacked the technology to build a city. I think that for literacy, the order is Jurchen > Haisi > Hurga > Udihe (the others were isolated and did not use scripts). I'm not sure about the Sibe because I'm unsure whether they spoke Jurchen at that time, and the size of their population after a major revolt.

Situations of Jurchen Clans:
Although Udihe could be considered the worst in terms of technology, they covered a massive low-density area of forest hills in Manchuria. Hurga could hold the most populous Ilan Hala region and the Hurga Valley, which lay the base for their future expansion. However, their stance drove their people to their enemies, but the unpopular tax collectors of the Mongols could not stop their people from fleeing into the forest. With increased discontent and growing strength of the Weji people, their places in Ilan Hala were endangered. For the Nara family, the true descendants of the Wanggiyan family who struggled for generations to liberate their people from the Mongols, Nacibulu saw an opportunity in overthrowing the Mongol Empire and restoring the honor of their forefathers. With the support of royalists and a strong family base in the Hulan basin, Hulan could become a rising star, while their location was surrounded by Sibe, Mongols, and Weji people.

Main religions:
Shamanism dominated. However, some Buddhist temples were converting the nearby region, including Yongning Temple in Nurgan, Xinglong Temple in the ruins of Bohai State, and the city of Huncun, which served as the base of the Wentehen family. Moreover, Jurchen Script steles in Korea indicated that Jurchens were faithful to Buddhism in Korea.

According to the traditions, Jurchenic variants (Jurchen, Hurga, and Haisi), Nanais, Udeges, Daurs, and Evenks followed the same type of Shamanism created by Nishan. Some traditions also mention a Saman clan dedicated to cultivating Samans in the Sihote Alin. That might be the Samarga. Notably, multiple Udihe countries were named Weji, lit. Forest, in history.

Points of Mixed Regions:
  1. Orochi: Nivkh majority with significant existence of Hurga and Udihe
  2. Ussuri: Udihe majority with significant existence of Hurga
  3. Warka: Mixture of Jurchen, Udihe, and Hurga.
  4. Kaiyuan: Trade center with a mixed population of Chinese, Korean, and Jurchen (noted that nearby Yinzhou-Tieling was a relocation destination of Chinese PoW)
  5. Fuyu: Jurchen-Sibe majority with significant Mongolian presence. Jurchens were organized as Mongol soldiers under the Uriankhai people.
  6. Solon: Evenki majority with a significant population of Daur

Activies of Hurga, Haisi, and Udihe:
Red, blue, and Green for home and activties of Hurga, Haisi, and Udihe. As described in the Historical Atlas of China.

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  1. Deren was important than Tyr in the Qing Dynasty, for Tyr was abandoned by the Ming Dynasty. Deren was then a trade center with an annual fair hosted by the Qing government to accept tributes from locals.
  2. Please don't use "Datta", as it is not a proper name but a random word that Russians learned from the native people and mistakenly identified as the city name. Use Tumjin instead.
  3. Tehcha seems Chinese to me.
  4. I did not find any reliable source on the account for the Solon Khanate, but someone may have fictionalized this part on the internet. They were organized into a mukun (a group of clans), but it is unclear whether they constituted a gurun (a khaniate).
  5. Sydagou, typically a Chinese word, literally means the Great West Valley. I saw this name earlier in my search, also for Kolombe, the river around Sydagou.
  6. Kuru is the river Kur on the old Russian map, a tributary of the Tunguska. Manchu thought Tunguska was the lower section of Kuru.
  7. Yaran is the old name of Partizanskaya, which was transliterated into Chinese as Suchan. The soviet changed Suchan to Partizanskaya. I saw its older form as "Jalan" in Jurchen, which literally translates to "commandant" in Manchu/Jurchen. They had used this name for thousands of years.
  8. Please don't use 'Ula', for it is not a proper name, but rather means 'great river'.
  9. Nangha'er is Langry instead of Noglvo.
  10. Sakhalin is known as Kuye/Kuyi among the Tungusic peoples, and the Chinese still refer to it by this name.


See my previous post:
  • The word "Yakut" was used for "heathens" according to Solons; Solons (and Evenkis) follow Shamanism, while Yakuts follow Tengri.
  • Daurs originated from the upper Amur Basin, as archaeology has shown their activity in the valley above Amgun. The Manchus were previously known as the Hurha, and they were native to this region (Maybe the local Hurha differed much from their southern relatives).
  • Albazin was previously the capital of the Solon people, but it was not part of Russian territory. Manchu had just conquered Solon the year before the Russian invasion of Solon, and thus, Solon reported their loss to the Russians to the Khan and asked for Manchu's help to retake it.

I feel these are mukuns (group names), not halas (family names). Are you sure? They can use the same family names as Manchu, as far as I know, many Manchu families were from these clans.

I don't feel that this map is more accurate, as I dislike the creator of this map. Additionally, the locations of Zhechen (2) and Hunehe (3) were incorrect in the latest study. Hurha also owned some cities on the eastern bank of the Ussuri and was known as Weji Hurha for their mixed identity. Warka was the de facto mixture of Weji and Hurha.
I agree that the changes proposed by macky527 may be inaccurate but we wanted to better represent the situation in Manchuria
You can try to add your proposal to improve the manchzuria map in eu 4 but I doubt they will implement it.
 
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I agree that the changes proposed by macky527 may be inaccurate but we wanted to better represent the situation in Manchuria
You can try to add your proposal to improve the manchzuria map in eu 4 but I doubt they will implement it.
I am trying to criticize someone, but I aim to correct the answers that the community has already accepted.
 
Considering Manchuria, the Jurchen tribes posed a tricky question, as some of them were more settled and Chinese-influenced while others were more nomadic and pastoralist, and some were in between. Thus, we decided to represent the more settled tribes that would later confederate into the Manchu as separate countries vassals of Yuán, while there is also Jurchen population inside the borders of Yuán itself and the most nomadic of them represented as Society of Pops.
Manchu or Jurchen
I think people clearly had some confusion between Manchu and Jurchen. To a greater extent, the definition of Manchu was ambiguous due to its brief history and complex nature. Emperor Kangxi used to list 66 clans that honored the name of Manchu and attempted to provide a detailed definition of the Manchu people. I drew a map of these 66 clans, but I was unable to find the locations for each of them. The points represented "what is Manchu" according to the emperor, and the circle below showed what Manchu thought "where they unified Jurchen." Many of these clans occupied multiple locations, such as Hurka (Nanai) and Sahalca (Daur), and the imperial categories are de facto not entirely accurate, as they encompass many aimans (multiple clans under a single name).
满洲:太祖高皇帝姓爱新觉罗。先世创始於长白山福地。长白山高二百里,周围千里,山之上有湖名达门,湖之周围有八十里。由此上流出者有鸭缘、混同、爱呼三江。在白山之东方俄漠惠之郊野,俄朵里城居住。平定了乱国而名其国曰满洲。自此又迁居於赫图阿拉,即今之兴京。那时苏克素护部,萨尔浒、嘉穆湖、沾、王家、额勒敏、札库木、萨克达、苏完、董鄂、雅尔古、安达尔奇部,窝集部,瑚尔哈、瓦尔喀、费优,萨哈尔察等处之人民,皆自动来投太祖高皇帝。其次:赵家、玛尔墩、翁鄂罗、安突卦尔佳、浑河部,哲陈部,托莫河、章佳、巴尔达、界藩、董家、俄尔浑、栋、珠舍哩、讷殷、佛朵河、席北、安楚拉库、哈达、璋、阿奇兰、赫席赫、鄂莫和苏鲁、佛讷赫、辉发、瑚叶、那木都鲁、绥芬、宁古塔、尼玛察、兀尔古陈、木伦、札库塔、乌拉、乌苏、雅兰、西林、额赫库伦、固纳喀库伦、萨哈廉部、音答浑塔库啦啦路、诺洛、石拉忻、叶赫、卦勒察、乌苏哩、兴坎、珲春、库雅喇等国各部,都是被征服者,这些都作为满洲。
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I also made the map describing the local placenames and known clans.
  1. I made a line between nomadic and settled people based on different evidence: for the north of the Amur, Soviet used to find Mongolic relic in the Zeya basin; for Sunggari basin, the placenames tell who had these places; in the south of the Sunggari, the Willow Palisade was the historical between steppe-like Mongolia and mountainous Manchuria.
  2. Japanese scholar Korehiro Anami noted that three main tribal groups lived along the upper Amur (Heilongjiang): the Hurha, Saharcha (Mongolic Daurs), and Solon (Evenki). Because of Solon's military strength, neighboring groups often adopted their name.
    • Hurha lived closest to Qing power, southeast of Heilongjiang City (Aigun).
    • Saharcha (Daurs) lived to the north, from near Heilongjiang City to the Zeya River.
    • Solon lived the farthest north, along the Amur from north of Esuri (额苏里屯; in Mohe and Emuer) to Albazin (Yakesa).
  3. Hurha and Weji were two major groups in the pre-Qing Manchuria: Hurha originated from the Hurha River (Hurga or Mudan River), and occupied land along the lower Sunggari, mid-Amur, Ussuri, and part of the lower Amur basins; Weji (or the alternative form Udihe) was frequently mentioned for its matrilineality and uncivilized lifestyle, with many states named Weji in history, and even recorded before the name of Jurchen, as early as the 5th century, while the name Jurchen was only recorded unti the 7th century.
1748915454393.png

Placenames
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1748936159796.png

This table wasn't updated but I still have much to explain in it.
OldNewCultureCountryName aftersourceChinese (Japanese)
XunkaSukpaiWejiXunkaSukpai Bira in Manchu, or Xun in Udege where lives Udege Xunka ClanGX苏克派
BikinkaOlonWejiBikinkaAn udege village on the river of BikiGX & DT & FR鄂伦
ImankaKolumbeWejiNiman Bira (Duplicate); The only village Sidatun is from Chinese Xidatun, lit. West Large Village, on the confluence of Kolumbe River (窟窿别河)GX & DT窟窿别
VakaNimanNanaiImankaNiman Bira (Duplicate); Goat River in Manchu; Udge borrowed it as Iman.GX & DT窟窿别
AlchanAlchanWejiSeoli 失里绵卫Alkūn (wide steps) Bira?GX阿尔钦
newBisinNanaiBisin Bira (plain river) in Manchu; or Bijin PiraGX毕歆
KatenKatenNanaiKaten RiverGX卡腾
newHoroNanaiHoro 伏里其卫Qiantun Wei; Liu Bingzhong, who designed the name "Great Yuan" for Kublai Khan, came from this city.GX & DT和罗
NoguleJuceNamunkaJuce (watchhouse) BiraGX珠其
AnjuHūlhinNamunkaHūlhin Bira; unclear site of Anju city now.DT外富锦
ShiliSirinNamunkaSirin 失里卫Sirin BiraGX失里
newYaranNamunkaYaran 牙鲁卫(Jechen) border in ManchuGX & CH雅兰/苏城
YongmingchengHaishenwaiNamukaMuhiya 木阳河卫The Vaydzha in Udege is a transliteration of Chinese Waizi, the bay. Perhaps it originally refers to the Chinese city of Mayan but later refers to the Russian one nearby.GX海参崴
KaiyuanSupin/SuifenNamukaSuifun 速平江卫Suifun Bira; seat of Supin Circuit during Liao and Jin Dynasties, Kaiyuan Circuit in Yuan Dynasty.TT & FR速频
newJianzhouNamukaSuifun 速平江卫Jianzhou City of Bohai, where Jianzhou Jurchen was named afterTT & CH建州
TulaziTurmaNamukaSilhi 喜乐温河卫Turma BiraGX & RU图拉穆
newYancunJurchenSilhi 喜乐温河卫CG: Silhi Anggai Jiha Dogon, ferry of Shihi estuary. Historical Yanzhou (盐州; or 眼春 Yancun) City; FR: Fourdan Hoton on Yentchou R. Yes, they have two Furdans (Pass in Manchou) in the same region. Yanzhou was a major port of Bohai State, recieving Japanese merchants and envoys.CG & GX & FR盐州/眼春
HuncunHuncunJurchenHuncun 珲春卫Huncun Bira; Xiguan General Adminstration (奚关总管府) of Yuan Dynasty, former Bohai city tied to another city of Jurchen Wetehen Clan (this shape: 日). The name, Huncun, was possible from Wetehen Clan. This city trace back to Goguryeo regime, and had served as regional adminstrative center for centuries. Fio (Fiyoo) is the Jurchen nickname for this city, meaning dustbin because of its shape. The original city was abandoned in Ming Dynasty and new city was renamed to Huncun.CG & DT奚关/珲春/温特赫
newTungken AlinJurchenTungken 童宽山卫Tungken Alin, lit. Drum Mountain in Manchu; Jurchen Weisuo of Ming Dynasty; re-established as Vice-general adminstration in 1898-1906.GX & CG童宽
KahariGahariJurchenTungken 童宽山卫Gahari Bira; I saw it translated into Chinese as Wangqing (汪清), which should be Wang Cing in Manchu.DT噶哈里
YenjiAidanJurchenAidan 爱丹卫Aidan Hoton, former Ming Dynasty WeisuoFR & GT艾丹
LongjingShanluJurchenHailun 合兰城卫Shanlu was the seat of Luzhou under Bohai State, known for its rice. Amba Hailan, greater Hailan RiverDT杉卢
HelongXianzhouJurchenHailun 合兰城卫Xianzhou under Xiande Fu, capital of Bohai State (742-755), unearthed in 2000. Ajige Hailan, lesser Hailan RiverDT显州
Juru HotonJuru HotonJurchenJuru Hoton 双城卫Two cities; Julgei (Jurgan: command, justice) & Furdan (pass); TT: site of Yongmingcheng, though it drawed the city on Vladivostok. Avoid using Furdan and Julgei because many cities used these names.GT & GX双城子
newLefuJurchenLefu 勒伏卫Lefu Bira & Lefu Teleku; F1737: Lefou.FR勒富
DongmingSancara AngaraJurchenSuifun 速平江卫Fork Road in ManchuDT三岔口
MulunMurenHūrga/JurchenMuren 毛怜卫Muren Bira (Morin=Horse)GX & DT穆棱
JixiGihiHūrga/JurchenMuren 毛怜卫West of Coko Fiyo Gašan (Cock Crest Village)/ fury deer leatherDT & CG鸡西/鸡冠山
MishanHibsuHūrga/JurchenMuren 毛怜卫Hibsu Gashan (Honey Village)DT & CG密山
NotoNentuNanaiNiman 亦麻河卫Nentu BiraGX能图
NamunkaFaltuUdegeFaltu 忽儿秃卫Faltu Bira; Namunka probably means seaside clans (namun - sea; -ka, related things), which is also the name for the Donghai Jurchen. This is a clan name instead of a place name, Namun, while the current place is landlocked.GX勿儿秃/头道沟
AnchunHuyeUdegeHuye 兀也卫Huye Bira; Fake Jurchen name, actually named after a Russian explorer. see Alcuka for the real AnchunGX兀也/刀毕
YimanAkūliNanaiShilimian? 失里绵卫Akūli bira (Vaku could be a non-standard form Manchu for frogs)GX阿库里/瓦库
newSungachaNanaiShilimian? 失里绵卫Sungacha River from Jurchenic languagesDT松阿察
HulinCifurHūrga/JurchenMuren 毛怜卫Cifur BiraGX & DT七虎林
LahasusuLaha SusuUdegeKemu 可木山卫Lala Susu, Broken Hometown (Old House) in Nanai/ManchuCG拉哈苏苏
newIlgaNivkhGilyami 乞列迷卫Ilga, Flowers in ManchuCG伊力嘎
NuoluoNoroNanaiNoro 诺罗路Noro BiraGX挠力
ShuangyashanBocinHūrgaHūrga 胡里改部Bocin Bira; Downtown Shuangyashan not included in this location.DT & CG宝清
FutiFukjinNanaiFuti 弗提卫Hill in NanaiTT & CG弗提/富克锦/富锦
newWanlinJurchenWanlin 万里河卫Seat of Ancient Yuelidu Clan (越里笃部) in Liao Dynasty, and Tuowolin (脱斡怜) Tumen, marked as Ouanlin in FR.TT & FR脱斡怜/万里河/宛里
newBirayanJurchenWanlin 万里河卫Alternaitve name of Birayan Alin - Juru Niyehe Alin (Two Duck Mountain; 朱鲁乜赫阿林); Birayan, alternative name for the mountain.FR & TT双鸭山/毕勒言
TulguurTulguurDaurHūrga 胡里改部Lit. pillar in MongolianCG都鲁
newOrimaHūrgaHūrga 胡里改部Lit. lenok in Manchu, built in 1073 as the fourth city of Five State Clan (五国部)CG奥里米
ZhuangheHuánggǔdǎoJiaoliaoYuanHuanggudao, lit. Yellow Bone Island, is a land-tied island located between Jinzhou and Yalu River, as a key naval base in Ming's war with Japanese pirates and Manchu; Zhuanghe was created in 1906.CG黄骨岛
XiuyanXiùyánJurchenYuanVertical in ManchuDT绣岩
JinzhouJīnzhōuJiaoliaoYuanJilizhou (积利州) under Goguryeo; controlled by Chinese immigrants; surrended and loyal to Ming in 1371.CG金州
FuzhouFùzhōuJiaoliaoYuanBuyeo people that were relocated by Khitan Liao Dynasty; controlled by Chinese immigrants; surrended and loyal to Ming in 1371.CG复州
GaizhouGàipíngJiaoliaoYuanGaimoucheng (盖牟城) under Goguryeo; controlled by Chinese immigrants; surrended and loyal to Ming in 1371.CG盖平
HaizhouHǎichéngJiaoliaoYuanLiterally sea city, said to emerge from the sea according to Jurchen; controlled by Chinese immigrants; surrended and loyal to Ming in 1371.CG & DT海城
DalingheJǐnchuānJurchenYuanJinchuan (锦川), alternative name of Dalinghe River; Dalinghe Fort, Middle Left Weisuo of GuangningCG锦川
JinzhouYanYuanKhitan placed Chinese PoWs around Jinchuan (锦川) to build a ctiyCG锦州
newTashanTashan Fort, Middle Left Weisuo of Ningyuan, built in Tang Dynasty, known for its pagoda, famous battlefield in Ming-Qing transition and Chinese Civil War.塔山
NíngyuǎnJurchenYuanOriginal Xingcheng (兴城), after Balhae people from Xingzhou (兴州) = Tieling. Xingzhou Balhae were relocated by Khitan, from Xiande Fu (显德府) = Helong. Renamed to Ningyuan in 1460.CG & DT宁远
QiantunRuìzhōuJurchen/YanYuanQiantun Wei; Liu Bingzhong, who designed the name "Great Yuan" for Kublai Khan, came from this city.CG瑞州
KaichengJùliúhéJurchen/KoreanYuanKaicheng was initially named Juliuhe City (巨流河城) in 1641, after the alternative name of the Liao River, possibly a Korean origin. This city was a major transportation hub for its waterway access and bridge on the Liao River.CG巨流河
WangpingWàngpíngJurchen/YanYuanReuse of a Qin-dynasty county name; Zhang Sanfeng, a Daoist master, came from this city.CG望平
GuangningGuǎngníngJurchenYuanInitially Wulū (无虑) during Han Dynasty, after Ilagūri Alin (医巫闾山), where burried two Khitan emperors. Renamed to Guangning by Jurchen Jin DynastyCG广宁
YizhouYānjùnchéngJurchenYuanYanjuncheng was initially built as seat of Yizhou in 786. This is just a suggestion to avoid duplicate names.CG燕郡城
FuxinSiratalayingolJurchenYuanUnder Taining Wei (Uriankhai) and Tumet Left Banner. Xiritalayingaole (细日塔拉因高勒): Sir_a (Yellow) -tal_a (Steppe) -yin ('s) Gool (River)CG & CH细河
JabiyanHecemuJurchenYuanThe borther of Nurgaci, Surgaci, revolted in Hecumu (modern Heishimu village; 黑石木村). Yengge (英额) Hoton is another city nearby.CG & DT黑扯木
newSarhūBattle of Sarhu is the key battle in the Ming-Qing transition. Ming lost 45,800 men and the majority of Liaodong after this battle, while Jianzhou causality was estimated only about 2,000.萨尔浒
Heto AlaHetu AlaJurchenYuanLit. horitzontal hill (横岗) in ManchuDT赫图阿拉
FushunGuìdé/GuìduānJurchen/Korean/YanYuanChinese and Balhae built this city under Khitan command in 926, after Guiduan River (贵端水, from an older form of Hunehe Bira 浑河); renamed to Fushun in 1368.CG & DT贵德
ShěnyángShěnyángKoreanYuanLiterally North of Shen River. Initially Shenzhou after Shen River. Renamed to Shenyang combing names of Shenzhou and Liaoyang in Yuan Dynasty.Renamed to Mukden in 1634.CG沈阳
LiáoyángShěnyángKoreanYuanLiterally North of Liao River in ChineseCG辽阳
QinheQīnghéJurchenA major fort in Jurchen unification and Ming-Qing transitionCG清河
LinjiangYaluJurchenYuanYalu was capital of Bohai State and Ding'an State after Yalu Ula RiverCG鸭渌
WanggikaFuluJurchenYuanWanggiya (not Wanggika) was a major clan of Jianzhou Jurchen migrated from the Hurga River Basin. The city was known as Zhengzhou (正州) or Feiliujun(沸流郡) in Bohai and Khitan regime, after the river, Fulu Ula(富尔江).CG & DT沸流
DonggoFosonJurchenYuanIn 1433, Koreans attacked Jianzhou Jurchen in this region.CG婆猪
newWanduJurchenYuanFirst capital of Goguryeo, nicknamed as Pochengzi (破城子) in Qing Dynasty, now Ji'an City.CG丸都
KuandianPushiJurchenYuanKuandian was built in 1573. The Pushi (蒲石) River was first known as Bozhuo (泊汋; with a city) in the 8th century as Tang-Bohai border and translterated as Pou-che in French in 1737.CG & FR蒲石
DingliaoFenghuangJurchenYuanInitially a Goguyeo city on Fenghuang Mountain, nicknamed Fenghuangcheng (Fenghuang City). Ming used the Fenghuang Fort as seat of Dingliao Right Wei. French recorded as Fonghoang in 1737.TT & FR凤凰城
DandongJiulianchengJurchenYuanJiuliancheng (Jiulian City) was a 12th century city within the current jurisdiction. In 1894, Japanese conquered the city from Qing Dynasty. Renamed to Dandong (Red East) under communism in 1965.TT & FR九连城
KaiyuanKaiyuanJurchen/Uriankhai/KoreanYuanInitially Xianping (咸平) as capital of North Jurchen State (北女真国) in the 11th century. Became seat of Kaiyuan (开元) Circuit in 1346. Renamed to Kaiyuan (开原) in 1392. Regional Trade Center for trade with Jurchen, Mongols, and Korean.CG开原
newYeheYehe Bira. Althoug many sources claimed Yehe family was named after the river Yehe, but Yehe was actually from Niyhe - duck in Manchu, which also refers to the Sunggari
newHadaHada Bira; it is actually from a Hada
TielingYingzhouJurchenYuanEstablished as Fuzhou by Bohai in 713; Renamed to Yingzhou for silver mine in 917. Renamed to Tieling in 1388 as Ming gave up Ssangseong (Tieling was its south border).CG银州
YizhouYizhouUriankhaiUriankhaiEastablished as the drowy of a Khitan Princess in 1023. See FuxinCG懿州
TongliaoJiremUriankhaiUriankhaiUnder control of Khorchin Mongolian in Ming Dynasty. Known for the location for Khorchin conference, Jirem Mountain.CG哲里木
YeheHanzhouKhorchinSibeBurdeku was a major gate of Willow Palisade, the boundary between Mongol and Manchu in Qing Dynasty. The current location did not include Yehe Town (see in Kaiyuan). May mistake Yehe Shanyan for Yehe City.DT布尔图库
JuxeriJuxeriJurchenJuxeriThree Clan of Changbai Aiman JurchenDT朱舍里
Golmin SalggiyanNeyenJurchenNeyenThree Clan of Changbai Aiman JurchenCG讷殷
HuifachengHoifaJurchenHoifaHuiba (回跋) under Bohai State. Jurchen Hoifa Clan was named after the Mountain Hoifa.CG辉发
HoifaNadan FereJurchenHoifaNadan Fere was a Bohai city, nicknamed as Sumi (苏密). Ming renamed it to Nadanfu (那丹府). Avoid using the same name with Hoifa.CG那丹府
LefuTodoJurchenTodo 秃都河卫Todo Bira, lit. bustard river in Manchu; renamed to Jiaohe for duplicate names.CG & DT秃都
SunggariHotonggiJurchenHotonggi 禾屯吉卫Heturi Bira (i.e. Gudong River, 古洞河); Lit. branch river in ManchuCG禾屯吉
Ilan HalaIlan HalaHūrgaHūrga 胡里改部Three clans in Manchu; capital of Five State Confederation (五国部) under Jin and Yuan.依兰
Mudan UlaNiyeheHūrgaHūrga 胡里改部Ducks in Manchu. The historical regional center on the Mudan Ula against the current Mudanjiang City before the railway.CG乜河
NinggutaHūrhanHūrgaOdoli 鄂多哩部The name of Ningguta was first mentioned during the 17th cenutry. Before Jurchen migration, the region was known for Huhancheng (忽汗城), capital of Bohai State, after the Hurga River.CG忽汗
OdoliAkedunHūrgaOdoli 鄂多哩部Originally site of Aodong (敖东) City, the first capital of Bohai State (698-742). Aisin Gioro family renamed it to Odoli (鄂多哩), home to their mythical ancestor, Bukuuri Yongshon, son of a fairy. Duinhua City was named after the original name of Aodong, pronounced Akedun (阿克敦) instead of Odoli in 1882 (Odoli should only be a clan name not a city name).FR阿克敦
HailangGioroHūrgaOdoli 鄂多哩部Hailan Bira, lit. the elm river in Manchu; Hailan was previous seat of Ningguta and said to be around Gioro, fatherland of the imperial family.CG & DT觉罗
MalongMayanJurchenYuanMayan Bira, lit. elbow river in ManchuGT蚂蜒
ShulanŠuranJurchenYuanŠuran biraDT舒兰
YushuLalinJurchenLalin 纳邻河卫Lalin Bira; Lalin city was originally built as a supply center for Shangjing; the most productive farmland in modern ChinaDT拉林
BodunaBeduneSibeSancaha 撒叉河卫Bedune HotonDT伯都讷
newChaganurUriankhaiDoyan 朵颜卫Lit. White Lake in Mongolian, seat of Gorlos Mongols and Non Khorchins was located in Qara Modo (qar_a modo, lit. black forest, or transliterated into Harmod) along the Chagan Nagur (Chaghan naghur/Qaramodo)CG查干淖尔
ZhaozhouZhaozhouMongolianDoyan 朵颜卫Initially Chuhedian (出河店), renamed to Zhaozhou (probably Juraci - start from in Manchu) for the first Jurchen victory over Khitan.CG肇州
HulawenAlejinJurchenJulgei? 剌鲁卫Hulawen is Yuan-style transcription of Jurchen word, Hu-la-n (i.e. Hūlan). First recorded in Manchu in 1865 as a shipping stop, possibly from 11-13th century placename, Alejin (阿勒锦; but Manchu transcripted it as Julgen, see Hulan); or from old Jurchen Halpiyan, lit. deplanate.GT阿勒锦
ShangjingAlcuka/AncunJurchenLalin 纳邻河卫Alacuka Bira and Alacuka Hoton in Manchu Alacuka dialect, 12-century Jurchen as Ancun; Shangjing means northern capital.CG阿勒楚喀/按春
Girin UlaGirinJurchenYuanGirin Ula, lit. along the river in ManchuDT吉林
ItuItun/ItungJurchenItun 亦东河卫Itun Bira; Kangxi map (1619) used Itun instead ItungDT伊通/伊敦/依秃
newSuwayanJurchenItun 亦东河卫Suwayan BiraCG & DT苏瓦延
newHersuJurchenHersu Bira; part different basins. A major fort in Tang-Goguryeo War and Yehe-Jianzhou War, later a Gate of Willow Palisade in Qing Dynasty.GT赫尔苏
ChangchunWomuchengMongolianItun 亦东河卫Ujukhot, aGujiGu qota, Lit. wide city in Mongolian, inferred from Chinese meaning of wide city and pronunication of Wuhaote (乌浩特), the Mongolian form of the current placename before immigration.GT & CH斡母城/乌浩特/宽城
Nong'anLong'anJurchenYuanOriginally capital of Fuyu State, later developed by Gugroyeo, Chinese, Khitan, and Jurchen, with a series of names. Became seat of Kaiyuan Circuit in early time but lost its status then.CG隆安
GongjiangUlaJurchenHongnile (弘尼勒城) in 12th century, said to be riverside fortress in Jurchen (not in Manchu); became capital of Ula in 1406CG & CH乌拉
WeheWekenJurchenYuanWeken BiraDT倭肯
ChalinSarinUdegeSarin 撒力卫Sarin Bira; Wuzhe WeisuoCG萨琳
WanhufuTon/TawuunUdegeHūrga 讨温卫Ton Bira in Manchu; Tawuun in OroqenDT桃温
newJarinUdegeTon 兀者托温所Jarin BiraCG扎琳
TaowenIcunUdegeTon 屯河所Icun BiraDT伊春
HvlanTieliJurchenHūlan 呼拉温卫Ancient Tieli StateFR铁骊
Bayan SusuBayanNanaiBayan 卜颜卫Bayan Susu, lit. rich village in NanaiDT巴彦
newMorendaJurchen/DaurMorenda 木兰河卫Muren Pira, Mulanda River (木兰达); but the modern sources said Moren from Mongolian and Da from Manchu. Avoid duplicate, see Muren.FR & CH木兰达
HulanHūlanJurchenJulgei 刺鲁卫Initially Julgei (FR: Tchoulgue; TT:朱尔格依) before Hūlan city was built in the 17th century.FR & TT呼兰
HailunHailunJurchenHūlan 呼拉温卫Hailun Bira, the otter river in ManchuDT海伦
OugenSuilenggeJurchenHūlan 呼拉温卫Suilengge Alin, borrowed from Mongolian.DT绥楞额
NemeriUyun Holdonggi AlinDaurNemer 纳木河卫Nemer Sekiyen, borrowed from Daur. FR: Ouiun Holdomi Alin; GT: Uyun Holdonggi Alin, lit. Nine Smoky Mountains (Volcanos). It errupted in 1720.DT纳莫里色禽/乌云和尔冬吉阿林
DalaiketunHuyurJurchenFuyu 福余卫Huyur bira, lit. swamp, borrowed from Mongolian; FR: Houiour Pira ->WuholdonggiGT & FR蒲峪路
ZhalongSuwayanJurchenSuwan 苏温河卫Suwan Bira & Suwan Hada, lit. cormorant river in Manchu; Jalan, colonel ranks in Manchu Banner System; This place name is also used in the southern ManchuriaGT率河/苏温
newBaibaibulagMongolianFuyu 福余卫baibai bulaG, lit. baby spring in MongolianGT巴拜布拉克/拜泉
SartSaratuMongolianFuyu 福余卫saratu, with a moon or like a moon in MongolianDT萨尔图
TalahaBayanchaganUriankhaiFormer seat of Drbed Mongolian banner
YilahaNemerJurchenYuanNemer Bira; Loloqho PiraFR & DT莫里河/纳嚜里河/讷默尔河/罗罗科河/老莱河
GorlosHara UsuMongolianYuanQara Usu, lit. black water (lake); In 1904, the county of Kaitong was set in Qara Usu village.DT & CG哈拉乌苏/青龙泡
HuolinHolingolMongolianYuanqoolia γoul, lit. Far River in MongolianDT霍林郭勒/霍林河/霍林
TuliemaoTulegmodoMongolianYuantUlege modo, lit. firewodd forest in Mongolian, site of a Liao Dynasty cityCG & DT吐列毛杜
TaluheSolonEwenkYuanFR: solon for the mountainous region; Solon was established as a county-level adminstration in 1916 and dissolved in 1948.FR & DT挞鲁河/洮儿河
WafangDaičintalMongolianYuandaičin tal_a, lit. heroic steppe in Mongolian, seat of tüsiyetü prince. bUdUgUn bulaG, big spring in MongolianDT & CG代钦塔拉/卜同布拉格/突泉
ChaghankherChangchunMongolianYuanrenamed to Taining from Changchun (长春) in 1198, awarded to Temüge under Taining Wei in Yuan Dynasty. Later, the city beame a ruin colored in white, which Mongols called ChaghanhotCG & DT长春
ZhengjiatunBayantalMongolianYuanLit. rich steppe in Mongolian, seat of Khorchin princes. The Khorchin princes allowed immigrants enagaged in farming along the Xiliao and set a place for stopover, later know as ZhengjiatunDT巴彦塔拉
KailuHuatugalMongolianYuanquwa tuGul tulit. beige young cow in Mongolian, seat of Darkhan princes with a Tibetan temple.DT花吐古拉
LinhuangLinhuangMongolianYuanSeat of Linhuang Fu, Shangfu of Liao Dynasty, where the mesoluims of Liao DynastyCG临潢
QingzhouQingzhouMongolianYuanQingzhou city of Liao Dynasty, known in Mongolian as Sûbrag(索不力嘎, lit. Pagoda in Mongolian)GT庆州
Haiha'erHaiharMongolianYuanLit. rapid current in Mongolian; Don't know the original form in MongolianGT海哈尔
XinkaiGurbantolgodMongolianprevious Mongolian name for the town of Lubei, seat of the current Jarud Banner.固拉本陶老稿/三山
HurleCholJurchen/UrainkhaiFuyu 福余卫Tazicheng (塔子城), Taizhou of Liao Dynasty, rename to Jin'an in 1198, awarded to Temüge in 1124. In 1406, Jurchen chieftain Hushidai (忽失歹) took the leadership of Fuyu Wei, seated in this city, later known as Chol in Qing Dynasty. Possibly from Tsuur, a traditional Mongolian flute.CG泰来
TaizhouDoyanUriankhaiDoyan 朵颜卫Doyan Mountain, locally Bogda Sacred Mountain, as the conference site of Uriankhai Weis.CG泰州
CholTarqiUriankhaiYuanChol town in the upper Chol was possibly a Japanese airbase in WWII named after the river Chol; Taerzi is the major foresty base in this area.OSM塔尔气
ButehaYalEwenkYuanSeat of Buthai Vice-general (buthai: fishing and hunting) to adminstrate 5 jalans and 5 abas for Manchu eight banners to hunt in 1691. The seat was originally on the river, yal bira, same name with Yalu River. Yal is a Solon alteration of Yalu, which means border in ManchuWK雅鲁/雅尔
LahaIabqiDaurYuanIabqi Gaxn, a historical Daur villageWK伊倭齐
QiqiharCicigarDaur/JurchenYuanKhitan set Hari (哈日, similar to qoriG_a(n) in Mongolian, meaning restriction) on the Jicin (jecen, border in Jurchen) river in 916. May be reconstructed as Jicinhari? Eventually became Cicihar in Daur. Lit. border defense. XIZagarI (Hizagari; 喜扎嘎日) in modern Daur, while Cicigar in modern Manchu.WK & DT齐齐哈尔
HaraDaur/TartarPossibly ancient city for Tartar and the Jurchen defense.哈拉
ArunArinDaur/EwenkArin 阿伦卫Arin River; Arin was Daur or Ewenk origin. Arin means clean in two languages.WK阿荣/阿伦
BilaNominOroqenYuanNemin Bira/Nomin Bira, a town named after this river in the estuary of Bila, from Oroqen nomiin/nəmiinDT诺敏
NuominTocaminOroqenSolontoʧamiin in Oroqen for the upper Nomin river. A township was named after this.DT托扎敏
MergenDaur/Ewenk/OroqenYuanMergen Bira; mergen means smart, borrowed from Turkic languages. A village of Daur, Solon, and Oroqen people before 17the century.DT墨尔根
KuileGüilDaur/MongolianYuangüils, Apricot in Mongolian; or a place with a river in DaurGT奎勒
GanGān/JakdaciOroqenYuanGaan dɔɔn in Oroqen, lit. Great River; Jakdaci is the city nameGT甘河/加格达奇
DobkuriDobukūrOroqenYuanDobukuur Biraa in Oroqen. Also an Oroqen clanDT多布库尔
NonGūliOroqenGūlli 古里氏Guuli dɔɔn, a river in the area. Also an Oroqen clanDT古里
MenluMelurDaurYuanMelur Bira in Manchu, borrowed from DaurDT门鹿
BoluohePoro NayAinuPoronay 波罗河卫Boluo River in Chinese, identical to Poro Nay, Big River in Ainu, around modern PoronayskWK波罗河 (敷香)
NayoroEtutoroAinuBetween capes in AinuWK(恵須取)
NayoroNayoroAinuNoya Ush, a place (Ush) where grow mugworts (Noya) in Ainu; inferred from meaningDT(名好)
KushunkotanKushun KotanAinuKush-un-kotan, Village with a path in AinuWK(久春古丹)
GuohuoToichasiAinuRose Hip Hill in AinuWK果夥 (白主)
WuliheNoglvo (Nivkh)/ Nuliye (Manchu)NivkhNuliye 兀烈河卫Nolga Vo=smelly river in Nivkh; Nuliye Bira in ManchuWK兀烈河/奴列河 (縫江)
PorokotanTymyNivkhSmokes in Nivkh达溪 (対毛)
IduiIduy(Manchu)/Ruy (Nivkh) /Ito Nay (Ainu)Orok/NivkhIduyUnknown origin of Nivkh or Ainu; Reimond77 transcripted it as Ito-nai (Ito Nay, Ito River) in AinuTT & FR衣堆 (落石)
newPila Vo (Nivkh+Russia)/ Amba (Manchu)/ Poro Kotan (Ainu)Ainu/Nivkh/UdegePila'voBig Village in Nivkh/Manchu/Ainu. An American map recorded as Amba (Big in Manchu). Manchu recorded as Pulong Gashan.TT & FR蒲隆 (波羅古丹)
Nangha'erNanharuNivkhLangry 囊哈尔卫Langry RiverTT & RU囊哈尔
BulavaBulauOrochYuan 卜鲁兀卫Name for an Oroch magical staffGX卜鲁兀/布拉乌
NurganNiruganNivkh/JurchenYuanPainting in ManchuDT奴儿干
newMiyooNivkh/JurchenYuanTemple (Yongning Temple) Village in ManchuDT庙街
UsalginGuweleGuwele BiraGX郭勒
TugurTugurNivkhTugur 督罕河卫Tugur BiraGX图呼勒
ToromToronNivkhSali 撒里河卫Torom River; JHT: Toron Bira; F1737: Touhourou BiraGX, JHT, & FR托伦/索伦
ShantarShantarNivkhNot discoveredto be white in NivkhGX尚塔尔
DerenKijiNivkhKiji 钦真卫Kiji BiltenGX奇集
newJariNivkhJari 扎岭卫Jari CityGX扎岭/扎里
newKemerNivkhKemer 克默尔河卫Kemer BiraGX克默尔
TumzhdinTumjinOrochTumjin BiraGX托穆津/土迷
DattaDattaOrochMouth in Udege达塔?
KoppiKoppiOrochKoppi RiverGX都尔
SamarginkaEleJurchenEle 斡兰河卫Ele BiraGX & CG斡兰
KemaTakemaJurchenRussian Kema derived from Chinese Takema, also known as takema or Takunza (Такунжа), lit. Great Kema; Great fall in Chinese, or Sitsa, lit. narrow branch in Chinese. Kema might be from an unknown Jurchen/Udege word (kamni: pass? kemnen: limit?)WK大克马/塔涧玛
XungakeXungakeUdegeZhuang'ai WeijiGX庄霭
UninkaDondonNanaiHarfen? 哈儿分卫Dondon Bira, border of Yupi (upper stream) and Hezhe (lower) linguistic groups of Nanais.GX & CG敦敦河
newUniUdegeUdege Uninka clan borrowed Nanai word, Oni for mountain creek as the name for the Dondon.CG阿纽伊河
NemptuIrkuluNanaiIrkulu 亦儿古里卫In 1434, Irkulu headman Woluo (斡罗) asked Ming aids to revenge Udege.GX亦儿古里
BoliBeri/BohoriNanaiHijan 喜申卫Bow/Peanuts in Manchu; Boli was one of five states under Ilan Hala, which relocated to the Songgari basin in Yuan Dynasty.GX伯力
SimmiGehenNanaiGehen 盖干卫Gehen WeiGX格根
AchanFudaliNanaiFudali 傅达里站Fudali Lake; Cossacks occupied Odzhal(Ujala in Manchu; Wuzhala 乌扎拉 in Chinese) village and named it Achansk. This village is not as important as Fudali on the Amur trade route.GX伏林答
KurKuruNanaiKuru 古鲁河卫Kur River; Kuru Bira; FR: Kourou PiraJHT & GX古鲁/库噜
UrmiUrmiNanaiYuanUrmi River; Umi BiraJHT乌尔米
BiraKimniNanaiYuanKimni BiraGX比罗比詹/奇穆尼河/乞母泥河
BidzhanBijanNanaiYuanBijan Bira毕占
SutaraSutarNanaiYuanSutara Gold Mine, after Sutarskiy Ridge (Sutar)苏塔尔?/毕占窝集
KukanNanaiYuanKuban River?库坎?
DzhukMang'acanNanaiManggacan 满泾卫Manggacan Wei, Mang'achan (莽阿禅) village in Qing DynastyGX满泾
DzhukUdylNegidalUdyl 敷答河卫Udyl LakeRU敷答
AmgunHenggunNegidalAmgun 兴衮河卫Henggun BiraGX兴衮
newImNegidalIm 依木河卫Im BiraGX依木
KerbiGerbiNegidalGerbi 朵儿必河卫Kerbi RiverRU格尔毕
DukinDukiNegidalDuki RiverRU都噶津/都噶河
ImilenImile BiraNegidalImilen 亦文山卫Imilen River and MountainGX额密勒/伊米勒
BitkiBijan Bira/SulansaJurchen毕津河/苏朗萨GX毕津
PildaKalarJurchenYuanA Manchu riverside villageGX喀拉尔
newGuwelehenJurchenYuanA Manchu riverside villageGX郭勒勋
newCikduhaJurchenYuanCikduha BiraGX齐克图哈
newFiyersuJurchenFiyersu 福山卫GX菲生
UschuAjiJurchenAji 阿者卫Aji BiraGX阿者
newIowetkeJurchenIowetke 友贴卫Iowetke BiraGX由倭特克
newBahaliJurchenBahali 卜鲁兀卫?GX葛林
KedarKedarJurchenGerin 葛林河卫?GX孔东
EvurDosomiNegidalDosomi 朵尔毕河卫Dosomi BiraGX多索密河
Upper NiomanNioman SekiyenJurchenYuanJHT: Nioman Sekiyen; FR: Nicouman Sekin; lit. Root of the Nioman in ManchuJHT & FR牛满色禽
UrgalUrgalJurchenYuanUrgal RiverGX乌尔罕河
TyrmaSairamJurchenYuanTyrma RiverGX赛拉木河
TujunTujunJurchenYuanTujun RiverGX阿图音河
OlongkiJolonkiJurchenYuanJolonki BiraGX鄂朗奇河/卓伦奇河
AkishmaAkishmaJurchenYuanAkishma RiverGX阿奇什玛河
ArkhanraHaraJurchenYuanHara BiraGX哈拉河
JiayinJayinOroqenYuanJa i Bira, from Manchu Jaya, lit. small boat. ʤajin dɔɔn in Oroqen, after the holy mountain in the upper flow.DT嘉荫
ZhanheSūnOroqenYuanSun Bira, lit. Milk River in Manchu; Cehede, lit. firewood house in Oroqen. Sūn Biraxaan in Oroqen, where lived sunjin clan.DT逊河/逊别拉
ChenqingJānOroqenYuanJan Bira, lit. Rapid River in Manchu; Ten River in Oroqen, where lives the Janjin Clan.GT霍尔莫津
XunheHormoljinOroqenYuanHormoljin was a key fortress in Sino-Russian border until the WWI; in Oroqen, something related to Hormol river, or the clan around the Hormol river.GT
AigunSahaliyan UlaDaur/OroqenSibaguci 失宝赤万户The original Aigun city was modern Grodyekovo in Russia, named after Aigun River, and the current Aigun city was initially Sahaliyan Ula Hoton built in 1685 as the adminstrative center of Sahaliyan Ula basin, nicknamed New Aigun. Heihe and Blagoveshchensk were originally one city named Hailanpao or Hailan Boo. sibaGuci, bird-raiser in Mongolian, a Yuan TumenGT萨哈连乌拉/黑河
NiomanNiomanJurchenYuanBureya means Great River (Bira) in Ewenki and Oroqen.GX牛满江/纽勒们河
Tom'TomoJurchenTomo 脱木河卫Tomo BiraGX托莫河
TehchaAigunDaurYuanOld Aigun City was located on the left back of the Amur along the Aigun River. The site is in Grodekovo.GT瑷珲/旧瑷珲
BirmaBirmaJurchenYuanBirma RiverGT巴里木河
GromatukhaJurchen阿剌山卫鄂约河鄂约河
TygdeJurchen哈拉察卫Tygde River提克德河
BirBirayanJurchen卜鲁丹河卫必拉彦河必拉彦河
KuanheGunNanai/DaurYuanGun Bira, lit. Deep River; Gun is borrowed from Mongolian宽河
HumarKumārOroqenYuanHūmar Bira; kumaar in Oroqen沾河
TaheTahaDaurYuanTaha, mussel in Daur塔哈河/塔河
SaharSahalcaOroqenYuanSahalca was a historical tribe, known as Eligvd to Mongols, living in this place萨哈尔察
PanguPanggūOroqenYuanPanggū Bira, lit. sharp turns in Oroqen盘古河
YakesaYaksaDaurYuanOriginally under prince Albaz-led Daur Yarsh Mukun (i.e. alliance of clans in Manchu; Russians called it Solon Khanate); in 1639, Solon revolted against Manchu and the city got destryed by Manchu. In 1650, Khabarov rebuilt this city as his camp.雅克萨/阿尔巴津
EmuerEmurJurchenYuanEmur bira in Manchu; ŋəmur dɔɔ in Oroqen额木尔河
MoheMeriheDaurYuanInitially Merihe Huarg in Daur; Gold discovered in 1887.漠河
AmazarAmazarJurchenYuanAmazar River阿马扎尔河、莫哥查
UrkaUriJurchenYuanUri Bira额哩河
OlloJurchenYuan1额尔多库勒
BryanteBryanteJurchenYuanBryante River巴尔坦河/布连塔河
TukuringraTukuringraJurchenYuanTukuringra Mountains投库尔鄂拉
TyndaTyndaJurchenYuanTynda River提克德河/田地河
UrkanUrkanJurchenYuanUrkan River乌尔河
GilyuyGilyuyJurchenYuanGilyuy River吉鲁河
MogotMogotJurchenYuanMogot莫郭特河
KupuriKupuriJurchenYuanKupuri River库普里河/巴里穆丹河/音克河
ArgiArgiJurchenYuanArgi River阿尔即河
DepJurchenYuan?
DjeeJurchenYuan?
MulmugaMulmugaJurchenYuanMulmuga River们梅哈河
TokTokJurchenYuanTok River托克河
KoganKhargaJurchenYuanKharga River哈尔固河?
SelemdeSmoybaJurchenYuanSmoyba River西林穆迪河/们河
BuseBuseJurchenYuanBuse River碧山河/贝萨河
UlmaOrmolkoJurchenYuanUlma River鄂尔谟尔科河
MamynMamynJurchenYuanMamyn River穆敏河
BurundaNaraSolonYuanNara Bira那拉
JiliuNiyorOroqenYuanNuxtəən dɔɔn in Oroqen; lit. fast-flowing stream, or Jiuliu in Chinese.Transcripted into Niyor in Manchu Kangxi Map.DT & CG牛尔
MerelkaMordaga GoolMongolianYuanmordaγ_a γool, lit. camp river in MongolianCG莫尔道嘎
Enhe HadaElhe HadaEwenkYuanFlat Mountain in Manchu; Ewenk Trade PostGT恩和哈达
GegenGegenDaur/MongolianYuanγeγen γuul, lit. clear river in MongolianDT根河
HasarHasarKhorchinYuanSeat of Jöči Qasar, ancestor of KhorchinDT哈撒儿城
AbagaitaHegjuunbulagMongolianYuanAbagaitu (阿巴盖图) apeared after 1911 and became a border dispute in the last century, while Hegjuunbulag was a historical name for the city of Manzhouli, lit. Spring of prosperity in Mongolian.OSM霍勒津布拉格
HailarĀliOroqenYuanAali biraa in OroqenDT海拉尔
XuguitYakxiDaur/OroqenYuanLit. fortress in Daur, see Yakesa; siGuitu, lit. forestDT牙克石
YiminImingolMongolianYuanimin γool in MongolianDT伊敏郭勒
Bayan UlaBayinuulMongolianYuanRich Mountain in Mongolian, seat of Temüge巴彦乌拉
HulunHailarMongolianYuan1呼伦布雨尔
KhalkhKhalkhMongolianYuan1喀尔喀
Barun Xiaba'erMandubulagMongolianYuanMongolian township, lit. thriving Spring Water in Mongolian, at the easternmost part of Juun Ujumucin. Barun Xabar is a lake in this region.满都宝力格
TamsabulagTamsabulagMongolianYuanProbably tasty spring in Mongolian塔木萨格布拉格
Buir NuurBuir NuurMongolianYuanLake Buir捕鱼儿海

Note 1: Norman=Hu=Möllendorff:ū=uu; š=sh; c=ch; j=zh; k'=kk; g'=gg; h'=hh; ts=ts'=c; dz=z; ž=z; cy=c'y=chy; jy=zhy; (Mongolian) gh=ɣ (I am note sure about the orthographical rules c for English ch but this is a Norman rule);
Note 2: Abbreviations: 1. JHT: Jiu Lin Jiu He Tu (Map of Nine Rivers of Jilin); 2. FR: Nouvel Atlas de la Chine, 1737 (in French); 3. GX: https://www.zhihu.com/column/c_1686309474338566144; 4: DT: Machu Dictionary (dorontu & hkuri); 5. CG: Chorographies; 5: CH: Inferred from Chinese; 6: RU: inferred from Russian
Note 3: Ula/Bira/Gol=River; Alin=Mountains; Hada=Peak; Hoton = City; Gašan/Boo=Village; Wai=Bay; Bilten/Nuur=Lake; Usu=Water; Bulag=Spring.
Cultures
Hurga: Ducher or Jurchen

I realize that Russians often cited their account of the Ducher people, but it did not equal any race described by the Manchu. According to Wikipedia, the Russian source claimed that Aigun was originally a Ducher settlement, which is unusual since the people of Aigun were unaware of this. Most people believed Aigun was a Daur city. According to the citation of Korehiro Anami from the previous section, Duchers were identical to the Hurka clan of Jurchen. Additionally, I found on Ukrainian Wikipedia about three so-called Ducher dialects - Butege, Kvikvihar, and Khinyang - i.e., Buteha, Qiqihar, and Shenyang (Simyang), which are three major Manchu cities. It is clear enough that the Duchers were Jurchen, specifically Manchu banners sent from Buteha, Qiqihar, and Shenyang. Both Hurka and Manchu were from Hurga.

The Hurga people were widely distributed, with various branches found in the Amur, Suifun, and Ussuri basins, as well as the Eastern seashore, along the waterbodies, which won them the name of Shuidada (水达达; lit. water Tartar) and Jiangyi (江夷; lit. river barbarian) in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Their origin traces back to the Heishui Mohe (黑水靺鞨; Amur Jurchen, as referred to by the Russians), who lived in the lower reaches of the Hurga and Amur rivers. According to Ming scholars, Hurga had a deeper connection with the Bohai State, as they lived in the heartland of Bohai, specifically in the Hurga Valley. During the Liao dynasty, they formed the Five Nations Confederation (五国部; Wuguobu) centered around Ilan Hala, with their core territory extending from Ilan Hala in the west to Boli in the east. By the Yuan dynasty, this evolved into the administrative units of Hurga, Ton, Odoli, Wanlin, and Bugu Tumens, which would later become the direct origin of the Manchus and Nanais (Unlike Ulch nicknamed as Longhaired, Hurka Nanai was nicknamed shorthaired because Nurgaci ordered their obedience of Manchu custom).

Udihe: The Weji State
The Udihe established the Weji State and was first known by the Chinese in the 460s as Wuji (勿吉), much earlier than the naming of "Jurchen" in the 9th century. The word "Udihe" is derived from "Weji", meaning "forest" in Jurchen, as their people lived in the forest. In Jurchen traditions, people could escape from their crimes and misbehaviors by hiding in the forest and avoiding contact with civilization; thus, Udihe means "uncivilized, wild men" in Jurchen. In fact, the Weji people called themselves "bigan niyalma", literally meaning "field/wilderness people", which is translated into Chinese as Yeren. In the Qing Dynasty, they were known as the Donghai Jurchen, under the command of the Ningguta generals.

The Udihe people mainly reside in the dense forests surrounding the Sikhote-Alin Mountains in the eastern Manchurian Plain. There are also Bala communities in the Changbai Mountain region and the Zhangguangcai Range, though the relationship between the Bala language and Udihe remains uncertain. However, both languages show less contact with Chinese compared to Manchu-Nanai languages and exhibit greater similarities with Northern Tungusic languages. Additionally, there could be a significant presence of Udihe in the Hulan basin and Hinggan Mountains; the Hulan basin was the base of Wuzhe (Weji) Weisuo in the early Ming Dynasty, while the nearby Hinggan Mountains were known as Hulan mountains at that time, with a possible link with Solons and Evenki.

Jurchen/Haisi: Wanggiyan Family Ties
Hanpu (函普) from Korea became the leader of the Wanggiyan clan in the 10th century. He and his brothers led the Wanggiyan clan to three settlements: Changbai Mountains in the south, Anchegu Basin (Alcuka) in the north, and Yaran Coast in the east. Under the leadership of the Wanggiyan family, Jurchens formed the first confederation during the regime of Wugunai over Wanggiyan subjects of Baishan, Yehui, Yaran, Tumen, and Tugunlun, as the overlord over Wuguobu (Hurga). Later, this coalition overthrew the Khitans and established the new Jin Dynasty. In the early Jin Dynasty, the distribution of Jurchen was concentrated in an area named Jinyuan Neidi (金源内地; lit. origin and homeland of Jin Dynasty), which covered the circuit of Shangjing and extended southward to Dongjing (Liaoyang) and Xianping, while ten noble families, including Wanggiyan, constituted the endogamic political caucus of the government.

Haisi, lit. West of the sea refers to an area in the west bank of the Sunggari; however, in Ming Dynasty, this term was for almost all the Jurchens in the west of Donghai Jurchen, particular the Hulan clans around the great bend of the Sunggari (see Boduna) and Shangjing, which Ming scholars claimed as the direct heir of Jin Dynasty Wanggiyan family, the noblest among Jurchen; thus, their language was considered the standard Jurchen and their status was more superior to Jianzhou in the Ming Dynasty. Haisi was known for its significance in Tributary Trade, and Hulan controlled the bend of the Sunggari and the entrance to the Ming Dynasty from Manchuria. The ruling Nara family proclaimed themselves as the descendants of the imperial Wanggiyan family and was dedicated to uniting Jurchens and restoring the Jin Empire for centuries. To prevent the Jurchen unification, the Ming assigned similar titles to multiple Haisi clans under the Nara family. For example, Jianzhou was granted the same status as titles from the Ming Dynasty.

Daur/Evenki/Oroqen: Solons
Daurs were the earliest settlers in the Zeya basin, according to archaeological evidence. They lived along the upper Amur Valley, from its sources in Mongolia to the Zeya Valley, where they met the strong Hurka/Nanai people, who later became the Manchu. The Daurs were believed to be the descendants of the Kitan, with some habits similar to those of the Khitans, such as bird-raising, hunting, and horse techniques. Evenki were originally Uriankhai living in the forest around Lake Baikal. Around the 13th century, the Mongols attacked them, prompting the Evenki to begin migrating out of Mongolia. In 1207, Jochi was sent by Chinggis Khan to conquer the Uriankhai. In 1235, the Mongols established their administration in the Uriankhai region. Thus, many Evenki left their home and moved eastward, living with the Daurs.

Traditionally, the Daur-Evenki population was referred to as Solon, centered in Yekesa (Albazino), during the Qing Dynasty. "Solon" is an honorable title given by the Manchu for their fierceness on the battlefield. By the 14th century, they were still Evenki. In the 17th century, as Russia expanded into the Amur region, the Qing government relocated the Solons from their home along the Amur to the Non basin, which the Hulan Udihe people previously inhabited. Anthropologically, the three peoples form a single kin network: the Daur share key maternal (mitochondrial) lineages and origin tales with the Evenk, so they are the Evenk's "maternal cousins," while the Oroqen share core paternal lineages, clan names, and origin myths with the Evenk, making them the Evenk's "paternal cousins"; taken together, these crisscrossing maternal and paternal ties link Daur, Evenk, and Oroqen into a broader family, even as each group maintains its distinct language, culture, and identity.

Although Solons were the largest group of this population, there were also Khamnigan, raising horses and living in the north of Mongolia, and Oroqen, who originally lived in the Lena basin and raised deer there. Solons were a settled population that built cities like Yakesa, Asajin, Dochen, Ukur, and Dojin, among others.


1748917137093.png


States and SoPs
Render it with Yuan Dynasty Administration Division (Redlined) and Ming Dynasty Weisuo System (in Blue), along with proposed Evenki (in Green) (example categorization)
  • Shuidada Circuit - Water Tartar Circuit (example, TBD)
    • Gilemi-Weji Tumen
      • Gilemi: Yommi, Bulau, Kiji, Kemer, Jari, Iowteke, Fisen, Gerin, Gerbi, Imilen, Im, Tugur, Udi, Manggcan, Udyl
      • Weji: Harfen, Ele, Yoose
        • SoPs: Xungake, Orochi, Samarga, Imanka, Bikinka, Xunka, Uninka
    • Sibaguci Tumen: Bahulu, Aigun, Halacha, Tomo, Tuluting
      • SoPs: Evenki (maybe split it)
    • Hurga Tumen (+ Wanlin, + Bugu)
    • Ton Tumen
    • Tahai Tume
  • Kaiyuan Circuit
    • Xiguan Tumen,
    • Nanjing Tumen,
    • Kaiyuan Tumen
    • Zhaozhou Tumen
    • Huyur Tumen
1748911960983.png

Trade
Kaiyuan: Horse Market
The Kaiyuan Horse Market (开原马市), founded in 1406 under the Yongle Emperor, was the Ming dynasty's principal licensed frontier bazaar in Liaodong, where imperial agents bought war-horses from Mongol and Jurchen herders and, in exchange, sold salt, ironware, cotton cloth, tea, and cash coins. As trade flourished, the single fair expanded into the “Four Passes, Four Markets” system—Guangshun, Zhenbei, Xin'an, and Qinghe gateways encircling Kaiyuan garrison, which also hosted thriving private stalls dealing in furs, ginseng, pine nuts, and other Northeast specialties. The market became a diplomatic valve, allowing steppe groups to profit from regulated commerce while sparing them the long tribute journey to Beijing. It allowed the Ming to reward or penalize neighboring tribes and integrate newcomers who settled around the fortress. By the late fifteenth century, Kaiyuan's traffic had turned the surrounding Sanwan Guard into one of China's three biggest iron-smelting centres, and for over two centuries the fair remained a nerve-centre of Sino-Mongol-Jurchen exchange until Manchu expansion rerouted the region’s trade networks in the early seventeenth century.
1748942342619.png

Nurgan/Deren: Santan Trade


During Japan's Edo period, the Santan trade (山丹交易, Santan kōeki) connected the Matsumae domain in Hokkaidō with the "Santan people” of the lower Amur and Sakhalin—mainly Ulchi and Nivkh groups—through Ainu middlemen: Ainu hunters first exchanged Japanese iron tools, rice, sake, and cotton for Qing tribute items that Santan chiefs had received (silk brocade known as Ezo-nishiki, glass beads, jade plaques, feathered garments, copper coins, sable pelts, etc.), then carried those luxury goods south to sell in Matsumae.

Under the shogunate's sakoku policy, this route was one of only four licensed "trade mouths" (alongside Nagasaki-Dutch/Chinese, Tsushima-Korean, and Satsuma-Ryūkyū commerce), and it enriched the domain and private merchants such as Zeniya Gohei while funnelling rare Amur-basin products into Japan; the network declined in the mid-nineteenth century as Russian expansion and Meiji frontier reforms disrupted Ainu and Santan exchange patterns.


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I'm not sure if the moderators would like duplicated content, but I could do it after I finish the series of posts.

Modifications to Heilongjiang:
81. The Jurchen Jin era name of Qiqihar is Pánggé 庞葛城, so it might be better to rename it that
118. This is the capital of 桃温军民万户府, a Yuan dynasty military administrative unit. This location should therefore be called Táowēn. The Manchu etymology of it might be 'Ulden', but I am not sure. It seems possible to me that the Tuowen tribe of Jurchens is the same as this, but I'm not sure.
119. Ǒuhǎnhé 呕罕河 is a Ming era outpost on the river today called Woken
138. Shuǐdádá 水達達
136. Taowen's name is the same as 118, and both refer to the same river. 136 could therefore be renamed to Fēnglín 丰林, the name of another river there. The river's name is probably of recent origin though.
166. Wòduǒlián 斡朵怜 (probably equivalent to the Odoli tribe) is another Yuan tumen. This location would be the capital of Odoli. Located in modern Madacun, Yilan
167. Ilan Hala
168. Tuōwòlián 脱斡怜 is another Yuan tumen. Mongol name is Togolin. This would be located at Wanlihetong, Huachuan county. An alternative theory is that it is located near the mouth of the 多林河 in the lower reaches of the Amur, but this placename seems to have fallen out of use since the Qing era and I cannot find where it would be. I cannot find any references to this name other than to the tumen itself, so I'm not sure if it should be a tag or not.
167. Lahasusu
169. Bayan Susu
170. Zhàozhōu
171. Sartu
172. Zhālóng
173. Futi
174. Bèikǔjiāng 孛苦江 is another tumen. It could either be located in the Qiqihar area, or in the southwest of I cannot find any references to this name other than to the tumen itself, so I'm not sure if it should be a tag or not.
175 and 137. Aigun was originally located on the north bank of the Amur before 1685. Therefore my suggestion is to rename the current Aigun location "Sahaliyan Ula" (Hēilóngjiāng 黑龙江 in Chinese), and created a new location called Aytyun (Aigun) on the north bank of the Amur, out of the Techa location.

View attachment 1203369

Suggestions on Manchuria and the Jurchens (part 4):

Mongolian Edge:


View attachment 1203374

Locations:
176. The old Mongol name of Tongliao is "Bayisingtu". "Tongliao" I believe is a very modern name and only dates to 1914, although it is in reference to the geography so it's not entirely arbitrary.
177. Melkhiit / 木里图镇
178. Delen / 大林镇
179. 保康镇's original Mongol name is Yamotai 牙莫台
180. Shyeevert / 舍伯吐
181. Jargalang / 吉尔嘎朗镇
182. Chuluu / 朝鲁吐镇
183. 爱民 Àimín is a county that existed during the Liao dynasty
184. Kailu county was only named in 1908 and its name is inappropriate for anytime before the 19th century. 小街基镇's older Mongol name is Khar Mod.
185. Hure banner's name dates from the early Qing dynasty, but I can't find anything else older
186. Naiman is an ancient place-name
187. Sharkhooloi / 沙日浩来镇
188. Baishint / 八仙筒镇
189. Xinkai location's name seems to refer to a river that is not actually in this location. Zürkh 巨日合镇 is a Mongol placename here
190. Khonkh is the Mongol etymology of 黄花山镇
191. Gakhait / 嘎亥图镇
192. Ulaanakhta / 乌兰哈达苏木
193. Chavgaat / 查布嘎图苏木
194. Holingol (could simply be called Holin)
195. Ulanhot's name is quite recent, and its name before that, its name Wangin Süm originated in 1691. Neither of these names can therefore be used. 归流河 is the name of the river there, which comes from the Mongolian 'Güil'
196. Tashjee / 大石寨镇
197. Erkht / 额尔格图镇
198. Tokhom 桃合木苏木 is a Mongol placename said to date from the time of Chinggis Khan
199. Arxan's name comes from 'Khaluun Rashaan', meaning hot spring.
200. Teliemaodu's Mongol name is Dölgöömt
201. Emtiin Gol / 额木庭高勒苏木
202. Taizhou was changed to Tàiníng 泰宁 during Yuan, and retained this name during Ming. Located at modern 塔子城镇
203. Temeej / 图牧吉镇 (named after a river)
204. Hurle's Mongol name is Khürel
205. Bayanölgan / 巴彦乌兰苏木
206. I suspect Wafang 瓦房 is a rather modern name. A better choice might be 野马乡, which comes from the Mongol word 野马图山 (supposedly this means "Zeren", a species of antelope, but it does not sound much like it, so I am not sure what the Mongol word being transcribed is), which is the name of a geographical feature.
207. Döchiovan / 突泉镇
208. Jiānhé 坚河 is a Ming era outpost on the Genhe river.
209. Hēishāntóu 黑山头 is a Yuan dynasty town that was the capital of the Mongol fief in the Hulunbuir region
210. Olguya
211. Giin Gye 金河镇 comes from an Evenk placename
212. Alunshin 阿龙山 comes from an Evenk placename
213. Tel'bor 得耳布尔 comes from an Evenk placename
214. Mangüi 满归
215. Shan Kü Li 上库力 comes from an Evenk placename
216. Mordoo 莫尔道嘎 comes from an Evenk placename. I assume Merelka is a river, but I can't find it
217. Enkh Khad 恩和哈达 is a Mongol placename
218. Lavtalin 拉布大林 is a Mongol placename. The region of modern day Ergun city has the Argun wetlands around the Argun river.
219. Khar Uulyn Tolgoi 黑山头 is a Mongol placename
220. Chichan 奇乾 is named after some rivers. Enhe Hada is actually located at 217, not over here.
221. Hailar is a Ming era outpost. I'm not sure why it has been placed in Yakeshi, I'm pretty sure the Ming outpost was in modern Hailar district.
222. Arun is a Ming era outpost. Its name is probably Daur in origin, from the word Arin. It could also be Evenk, and the capital town today has an Evenk in origin name.
223. Delkir 得力其尔 is an Evenk placename.
224. Saalbasi 查巴奇 is an Evenk placename
225. Morin Dawa is an old Daur placename
226. Dular 杜拉尔, an Evenk name
227. Bayn 巴彦, an Evenk name
228. Hangurg 汉古尔河, Evenk etymology
229. Taban Oboo 塔温敖宝, Mongol placename
230. Hadayan 哈达阳, Daur placename
231. Kuil Huarg 奎勒河, Daur placename
232. Dentka 登特科, Daur placename
233. Aali Biraa 阿里河, Oroqen placename
234. Gaan Dɔɔn 甘河, Oroqen placename
235. Zhven (Mongol) 吉文 (Chinese), Oroqen placename
236. Ölövtei (Mongol) 乌鲁布铁 (Chinese), Oroqen placename
237. Il (Mongol) 宜里 (Chinese), Oroqen placename
238. Ke I (Mongol) 克一河 (Chinese), Oroqen placename
239. Bayan Tsagaanl 巴彦嵯岗, named after a mountain. Note that that Evenk autonomous banner only exists because some of them were garrisoned there by Qing in 1732, in the 14th century it would probably just be Mongol land.
240. The Barga Mongols have lived here for a very long time. This was the site of the Tang dynasty outpost Yōulíng 幽陵 which governed the Barga, and there is a lake here named Hoh Nuur. So it could either be called Barga, Yōulíng, or Hoh Nuur.
241. Bor Shil 宝日希勒, Mongol placename
242. Biyeen Güiriya 巴彦库仁, Mongol placename
243. Hāláhái 哈剌孩 is a Ming dynasty outpost in what is now New Barga Left Banner
244. Övörbulag 乌布尔宝力格 is a Mongol placename
245. Khandgai 罕达盖 is a Mongol placename
246. Javkhlant 吉布胡郎图 is a Mongol placename
247. Erchimtei Bulgiin Us is the old Mongol name of Manzhouli
248. Altan Emel 阿拉坦额莫勒 supposedly is a Mongol placename that dates back to Chinggis Khan
249. Dalai Nuur
250. Kherlün 克尔伦 is a Mongol placename, named for the river
251. Bogdnantuul 宝格德乌拉 is a Mongol placename
252. Xuguit
253. Bood 博克图 is a Mongol placename
254. Ürchkhan (Mongol) 乌尔其汉 (Chinese) is an Oroqen placename
255. Khödör 库都尔 is a Mongol placename
256. Önör 乌奴耳 is a Mongol placename. Zhǐermán 只儿蛮 is a Ming era outpost on the Hailar river. I don't know exactly where it is.
257. There was a Ming military outpost named Ruǎnlǐhé 阮里河 located along what is today the 即雅鲁河 in Zalantun
258. Duǒyán 朵颜 is a Ming military outpost on the Chuoer river.
259. Butha 布特哈
260. Mööch (Mongol) 蘑菇气 (Chinese) is an Evenk placename
261. Khoroo Uul 浩饶山 is a Mongol placename
262. Tsai Gye 柴河 is from an Oroqen placename
263. Bailan 白狼 is a Mongol placename
264. Tóngchāng 同昌
265. Háozhu 豪州. Manchu transcription would be *Hooju
266. Guìdé 貴德 (later became Fushun) Manchu transcription would be *Guido
267. Chaoyang did not recieve that name until 1778. It should be named Xīngzhōng 兴中. Manchu transcription would be *Cooyang. Abandoned during the early Ming dynasty and became Uriankhai Mongol land.
268. Lǘyáng 闾阳 county. Abandoned during the early Ming dynasty. Manchu transcription would be *Lioiyang
269. Fùshù 富庶县. Abandoned during the early Ming dynasty and became Uriankhai Mongol land. Located in Gongyingzi Town.
270. Lingyuan county did not recieve that name until 1914. During Yuan it was known as Hézhòng 和众县. Abandoned during the early Ming dynasty and became Uriankhai Mongol land.
271. There was a Wàngpíng county 望平县 during Yuan, I think it was located in Qiandangbao, Xinmin county, but I am not entirely sure. Abandoned during the early Ming dynasty and became Uriankhai Mongol land.
272. There was a Jīnyuán county 金源县 during Yuan located in Kalaqinzhen. This region shouldn't be called Jianping since that county was only established in 1904. Jinyuan was abandoned during the early Ming dynasty and became Uriankhai Mongol land.
273. There was a Huìhé county 望平县 during Yuan located in Huizhoucun, Jianping. Abandoned during the early Ming dynasty and became Uriankhai Mongol land.
There was also a Wǔpíng 武平县 county during Yuan in Inner Mongolia but I was unable to locate it. Same with Lìzhōu 利州.
274. The prefecture of Gāozhōu 高州 existed during Yuan in what is today Fengshuigou town, Chifeng. Could also be called Sānhán 三韩县. Abandoned during the early Ming dynasty and became Uriankhai Mongol land.
275. Chuānzhōu 川州 existed during Yuan times in what is today the northeastern part of Beipiao. It should probably replace Beipiao, since Beipiao's name is connected to the 20th century coal mining industry. Abandoned during the early Ming dynasty and became Uriankhai Mongol land.
276. There was a 塔海府 during Yuan under Kaiyuan Circuit but I was unable to locate it.
277. Zhangwu was known as the Suruk grassland before colonisation. The counties here were abolished after Jurchen Jin
Qìngyún county 庆云县 was converted into a fort in the Ming dynasty. In earlier times it was on the west bank of the Liao river, but during the game time period it was located on the east bank in Qingyunpu
278. Shuāngchéng county 双城县. I couldn't figure out what Ningchang is.

View attachment 1203527

Cultures and tags (version 2)

View attachment 1222379

View attachment 1222382

Army-Based countries (all of these are culturally Jurchen):
Sibe
Huligai
Warka (maybe)
Taowen 桃温
Tuowolian 脱斡怜
Odoli
Yehe
Xiyangha
Beiku (孛苦江)

Societies of pops:
Daur
Nanai
Udege
Warka (maybe)
Oroqen
Barga
Evenk
Ducher (personally I believe that the Duchers should be Jurchen culture, while being a geographically separate SOP, just like the Warka currently are)

I'm not entirely sure about what goes in the question mark, it might be Sibe territory, or it might be owned by Yuan directly. It might also have Chinese minorities but I'm not sure.

The Tuowolian are a bit small, so if not enough new locations are added as in my proposal, give them the one location of Futi.

Provinces:

View attachment 1203549


Areas:

View attachment 1203550

Trade Goods:

In general I think "Inner Manchuria" should have more lumber and wild game. The horse goods currently present are probably fine, so that means it will be the other goods being changed. Manchuria is a huge lumber producing region and during the Qing dynasty it was used by the emperors for hunting (although that partly involved intentionally depopulating it).

Terrain:

There should be wetlands along the Argun river, and in the lower Nenjiang area (the game literally has a location named after a wetland preserve that not wetland terrain...), and in general I think Manchuria should have more forests.

This map illustrates the extent of forests in Manchuria at the beginning of the 20th century

View attachment 1203569

Suggested added forest marked in bright green

View attachment 1203570

Suggested added wetland (the other terrain types will have to wait for later/someone else). Source is mostly SulphurAeon

View attachment 1222351

I think these regions should be changed to Arctic climate, as per SulphurAeon's map. This aligns quite well with how I do not think there were any significant settlements located in the region marked until modern times.

View attachment 1223279

View attachment 1223280

As for the distribution of Sibe people, (Shimada, 1941), it centered around River Chor, north to Qiqihar, south to Girin, west including the Tao'er Basin.
View attachment 1221413

I feel skeptical about the current location of the Sibe State. The Sibes were neighbors of Hulan and had a marriage with the Hulan leader, while their capital was called Shuangyang. That's all we know about Sibe before the 15th century, basically from the account of Hulan people. By 1690, the Sibes had two major settlements, Qiqihar and Fuyu (Boduna), mainly along the Non valley. It is still much north of the modern Changchun and the Shuangyang in Changchun. I think they are located near modern Qiqihar, rather than Changchun.

View attachment 1309759
View attachment 1309760

First of all, where is the capital Shuangyang?
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The river Shuangyang before 1406 was not the one in Changchun. It was described as endorheic, located around the Sunggari and Hulan rivers, near the Mongolic Khitan people. Additionally, the Genealogy book of Suwan (Shuangyang) Guwaljiya states that they lived in Neihe (literally, "inner river"), referring to the Suwan River. While scholars who insist that the Shuangyang around Changchun will ignore the word Neihe or interpret it as "the basin", it makes more sense if we take the other Shuangyang in the north, across the locations of Zhalong and Sart (It is Talaha, and the star should be put in Zhalong, sorry for the mistake), an internal drainage system ending up in the Zhalong wetland. Furthermore, Zhaozhou was a clear Mongol stronghold, so in the 14th century, the Sibe could not easily reach Boduna under Mongol control. However, after 1406, more likely a large proportion of Suwan and the Sibe people joined their neighbor, Hulan Jurchen, migrated south to the current Changchun vicinity and name it after their hometown.

This change will solve three problems. One is why the Chinese did not record the Sibe people before the 17th century. Simply because the Sibe was beyond the reach. Second, the Sibes were said to have a close connection with Xianbei and Siberia, while the current location is far too south. Lastly, the Sibe should not be a large group from the perspective of the Mongols as they also failed to record the Sibe, while the current extent of the realm is too large. The sibes should be a place buffering Hulan from Mongols along the Non river instead of buffering Mongols from Liaodong. Besides some assumptions, the place names in the west of Willow Palisade are either Mongolic (Mongolian and Khitan) or Chinese, with very few from Manchu (Hulan people said Sibe could not understand Jurchen languages).

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@Linbot#6018 Just a recap of our location in Sibe: I found myself completely misled by the chorographers from Shuangyang, Changchun, who defended their point that Shuangyang was the capital of Sibe, but it did not make sense at all. According to the Sibe scholar Wu Yuanfeng (吴元丰), who was an expert in Qing-dynasty Sibe documents in the Palace Museum, Sibe should initially have stayed in Sibe city around the Taoer River instead of the Shuangyang River.
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Furthermore, the Sibe were not a Jurchen-speaking people until the establishment of Manchu rule in the 17th century. They were originally Mongolic-speaking Shiwei people in historical records, although they may be the last people who speak Manchu languages in modern history. In the Manchu Ulabun, the Sibe people were also known for not speaking Jurchen. It is more likely that the Sibe spoke a Mongolic language rather than a Jurchenic one by the 14th century.
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Lastly, there are some obvious mistakes in the territory of the Sibe. For example, Nong'an and Zhaozhou were under the direct control of the Yuan Empire as regional administrative and military centers. The Yuan Dynasty established Nong'an as the capital of Kaiyuan Circuit, and Zhaozhou as a city with a Mongolian permanent army. If Sibe really controlled the major trade route, it wouldn't be possible for the Yuan Dynasty to go further into Zhaozhou Tumen, let alone the Huyur Tumen (蒲与路万户府) in the further north.
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Proposed Change in Regional Names:
  • Lower Amur -> Mangbo
    • Amgun -> Hÿng (Nivkh) / Henggun (Manchu)
    • Tunguska -> Kur
  • Middle Amur -> Sahaliyan Ula
    • Humar -> Kumar (consistent with place name)
    • Amur -> Dauria
  • Argun -> Ürgene (Mongolian: ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ)/ Ergune (Manchu: ᡝᡵᡤᡠᠨᡝ)
  • Songnen -> Non (Manchu: ᠨᠣᠨ) / Nun (Mongolian: ᠨᠤᠨ)
    • Nuomin -> Nemin (ᠨᡝᠮᡳᠨ)
    • Taoer -> Toor (ᠲᠣᠣᠷ; тор)
  • Songhua -> Sunggari (ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ)
    • Tangwang -> Ton (ᡨᠣᠨ) or Tawūn
    • Mudan -> Hūrga (Mudan was a late 19th-century name; ᡥᡡᡵᡥᠠ hūrha; ᡥᡡᡵᡤᠠ hūrga)
    • Upper Songhua -> Golmin Šanyan (Alin)
    • Lower Songhua -> Girin (Ula)
    • Lalin (ᠯᠠᠯᡳᠨ) -> Alcuka or Ancun (capital of the Jin Dynasty; Lalin was built as a supply center for Alcuka)
    • Hulan -> Hūlan = Hvlan (ᡥᡡᠯᠠᠨ)
  • Ussuri -> Hingka (Khanka Lowland)
    • Greater Ussuri -> Niman (ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠨ; revert 1972 name change)
    • Small Ussuri -> Hingka (Upper Ussuri named Daubihe in Chinese = Huye in Manchu)
    • Muling -> Muren (Chinese -> Manchu)
  • Liaodong
    • Liaoyang -> Liáoshěn (Liaoyang + Shenyang)
    • Dingliao -> Yalu or Foson
Explanations:
  • Mangbo: Mangbo refers to the lower section of the Heilongjiang (Amur) River downstream from the Songhua River confluence. The name originates from the Nanai dialects, where "Mangbo" simply means "river." In Nanai, the Amur River below the Songhua confluence is called Daai Mangbo ("the great river"), or simply Mangbo. In Hezhen dialects spoken in China, variants include Mangme, Manggu, Mangbu, and Mamgu; in Uilta (Ulchi), the form Manggu is used. Japanese sources such as Tōtatsu Kikō (東韃紀行) referred to the Amur as Mankon-kō (满珲江), likely derived from this root.
  • Hÿng: The word Ӿыӈг is a geographic name, likely of Tungusic origin. A more widely circulated variant is ӽыӈгр or ӿыӈгыр, as seen in sources like Wikipedia. However, this form is actually a compound: ӿыӈг (Khengün) + ыр (mouth/opening), meaning “mouth of the Khengün River” or “Khengün River mouth.”
  • Kur: There was no river named Tunguska River, but lower Kur before Russian annexation. The name Tunguska is a Russian exonym derived from the word Tungus, an old Russian term for the Evenki people. It's not the native name used by the local people for the rivers or regions called “Tunguska.”
Suggested Formable Countries:
  • Jurchenic -> Jin (Haisi: Anchun/ Jianzhou: Aisin; not "Later Jin")
    • Haisi -> Hūlan
    • Nanai -> Hūrha (zh) -> Jianzhou (event)
    • Udihe -> Weji (zh)
    • Jurchen -> Dongxia
    • Evenk (Oroqen) / Daur -> Solon
    • Daur -> Sahalca/Dauria -> Khitan (event)
Final Table of Placenames:
Old ProvinceNew ProvinceOld LocationNew LocationCultureCountryOld ResourceNew ResourceChange in CountryChange in ProvinceChange in LocationChang in RGOProvince (Chinese)Location (Chinese)
Southern SakhalinSouthern SakhalinBoluohePoro NayAinuPoronaySturdy GrainsWild GameTRUEFALSETRUETRUE南苦夷波罗河
Southern SakhalinSouthern SakhalinGuohuoToichasiAinuPoronayFishFishTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE南苦夷果夥
Southern SakhalinSouthern SakhalinKushunkotanKushun KotanAinuPoronayLumberLumberTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE南苦夷久春古丹
Southern SakhalinSouthern SakhalinNayoroNayoroAinuPoronayFurFurTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE南苦夷名好
Southern SakhalinSouthern SakhalinNayoroEtutoroAinuPoronayFurFurTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE南苦夷恵須取
AmurYaksaAmazarAmazarDaurMeriheGoldGoldTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE雅克萨阿马扎尔
AmurKumārEmuerEmurDaurMeriheSturdy_grainsSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUETRUE库玛尔额木尔河
AmurKumārMoheMeriheDaurMeriheLumberLumberTRUETRUETRUEFALSE库玛尔漠河
AmurYaksaOlloOlloDaurBahuluLumberLumberTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE雅克萨俄勒
AmurYaksaUrkaUrkaDaurMeriheWild GameWild GameTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE雅克萨额哩河
AmurYaksaYakesaYaksaDaurBahuluFishSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUETRUE雅克萨雅克萨
GilyuyGilyuyBryanteBryanteDaurGilyuyLumberLumberTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE吉鲁布连塔
GilyuyGilyuyGilyuyGilyuyDaurGilyuyLumberLumberTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE吉鲁吉鲁
GilyuyGilyuyMogotMogotDaurGilyuyLumberLumberTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE吉鲁莫郭特河
GilyuyGilyuyTukuringraTukuringraDaurGilyuyFurFurTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE吉鲁投库尔鄂拉
GilyuyGilyuyTyndaTyndaDaurGilyuyFurFurTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE吉鲁提克德
GilyuyGilyuyUrkanUrkanDaurGilyuyLumberLumberTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE吉鲁乌尔
HailarHailarXuguitYakxiDaurYuánLivestockLivestockFALSEFALSETRUEFALSE海拉尔牙克石
HumarKumārSaharIlhūriDaurTahaLumberLumberTRUETRUETRUEFALSE库玛尔伊勒呼里
HumarKumārTaheTahaDaurTahaLumberLumberTRUETRUETRUEFALSE库玛尔塔河
Lower BureyaSahaliyan UlaAigunKonDaurSibaguciSturdy GrainsSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUEFALSE黑龙江城坤别拉
Lower BureyaSahaliyan UlaAigunFahalaDaurSibaguciSturdy GrainsSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUEFALSE黑龙江城法别拉
Lower ZeyaJinkrTehchaAigunDaurSibaguciSturdy GrainsSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUEFALSE精奇里瑷珲
NuominNeminArunArunDaurArunLumberLumberTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE讷敏阿荣
NuominHuyurQiqiharCicigarDaurFuyuFurLegumesTRUETRUETRUETRUE蒲与路齐齐哈尔
Upper NonMergenKuileGüilDaurArunLivestockLivestockTRUETRUETRUEFALSE墨尔根奎勒
Upper NonMergenMenluMelurDaurMergenFurFurTRUETRUETRUEFALSE墨尔根门鹿
Upper NonMergenMergenMergenDaurMergenWild GameGoldTRUETRUEFALSETRUE墨尔根墨尔根
Amur EstuaryTugurToromToronEvenkTugurSandSandTRUETRUETRUEFALSE黑龙江口托伦
CholCholCholTarqiEvenkYuanLumberWoolTRUEFALSETRUETRUE绰尔塔尔气
HumarYaksaBirBirayanEvenkBuludanSturdy GrainsSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUEFALSE雅克萨必拉彦
HumarKumārHumarKumārEvenkTahaWild GameGoldTRUETRUETRUETRUE库玛尔库玛尔
HumarKumārPanguPanggūEvenkBoromdaGoldGoldTRUETRUETRUEFALSE库玛尔盘古
Lower ArgunLower ÜrgeneEnhe HadaElhe HadaEvenkMeriheLumberLumberTRUETRUETRUEFALSE上额尔古纳恩和哈达
Lower ArgunLower ÜrgeneJiliuNiyorEvenkMeriheFurFurTRUETRUETRUEFALSE上额尔古纳牛尔
Lower BureyaJinkrArkhanraHaraEvenkTulutingFurFurTRUETRUETRUEFALSE精奇里哈拉
Lower BureyaSūnChenqingJaanEvenkJaanLumberFurTRUETRUETRUETRUE伊春沾河
Lower BureyaSūnJajinJayinEvenkJiayinFishGoldTRUETRUETRUETRUE伊春嘉荫
Lower BureyaLower NiomanNiomanNiomanEvenkSibaguciWild GameWild GameTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE下牛满牛满
Lower BureyaSahaliyan UlaXunheHormoljinEvenkJaanAmberGoldTRUETRUETRUETRUE黑龙江城霍尔莫津
Lower BureyaSūnZhanheSūnEvenkJaanHorsesPearlsTRUETRUETRUETRUE伊春逊河
Lower ZeyaJinkrBirmaBirmaEvenkTom'Wild GameWild GameTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE精奇里巴里木
Lower ZeyaJinkrGromatukhaGromatukhaEvenkAlaFurFurTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE精奇里格罗慕奇
Lower ZeyaJinkrTom'Tom'EvenkTom'LumberLumberTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE精奇里托莫
Lower ZeyaLower NiomanTygdeTygdeEvenkHalachaSturdy GrainsSturdy GrainsTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE下牛满提克德
Lower ZeyaJinkrYorYorEvenkAlaLumberLumberTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE精奇里约尔
NuominNeminBilaNominEvenkArunLumberLumberTRUETRUETRUEFALSE讷敏讷敏
NuominNeminNuominTocaminEvenkArunFurWild GameTRUETRUETRUETRUE讷敏托扎敏
SelemdhzhaSelemdhzhaBurundaBurundaEvenkTom'LumberLumberTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE西林穆迪那拉
SelemdhzhaSelemdhzhaBuseBuseEvenkTom'Wild GameWild GameTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE西林穆迪贝萨
SelemdhzhaSelemdhzhaKoganKhargaEvenkTom'FurFurTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE西林穆迪哈尔固
SelemdhzhaSelemdhzhaMamynMamynEvenkTom'IronIronTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE西林穆迪穆敏
SelemdhzhaSelemdhzhaSelemdeSelemdeEvenkTom'IronIronTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE西林穆迪西林穆迪
SelemdhzhaSelemdhzhaUlmaOrmolkoEvenkTom'LumberLumberTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE西林穆迪鄂尔谟尔科
Upper BureyaUpper NiomanAkishmaAkishmaEvenkTulutingStoneStoneTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE上牛满阿奇什玛
Upper BureyaUpper NiomanOlongkiJolonkiEvenkTulutingFurFurTRUETRUETRUEFALSE上牛满鄂朗奇
Upper BureyaLower NiomanTujunTujunEvenkTulutingLivestockLivestockTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE上牛满阿图音
Upper BureyaLower NiomanTyrmaSairamEvenkTulutingLumberLumberTRUETRUETRUEFALSE上牛满赛拉木
Upper BureyaUpper NiomanUrgalUrgalEvenkTulutingWild GameWild GameTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE上牛满乌尔罕
Upper NonMergenDobkuriDobukūrEvenkMergenLumberLumberTRUETRUETRUEFALSE墨尔根多布库尔
Upper NonMergenGanGaanEvenkMergenWild GameWild GameTRUETRUETRUEFALSE墨尔根甘河
Upper NonMergenNonGūliEvenkMergenLivestockLivestockTRUETRUETRUEFALSE墨尔根古里
Upper ZeyaZeyaArgiArgiEvenkAlaWild GameWild GameTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE结雅阿尔即
Upper ZeyaZeyaDepDepEvenkAlaLumberLumberTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE结雅杰普
Upper ZeyaZeyaDjeeDjeeEvenkAlaLumberLumberTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE结雅结雅
Upper ZeyaZeyaKupuriKupuriEvenkAlaLumberLumberTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE结雅库普里
Upper ZeyaZeyaMulmugaMulmugaEvenkAlaLumberLumberTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE结雅们梅哈
Upper ZeyaZeyaTokTokEvenkAlaFurFurTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE结雅托克
CholCholButehaYaalEvenkYuanWild GameWild GameTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE绰尔雅鲁
BolonBolonBoliBeri/BohoriHūrgaHijanSturdy_grainsSturdy GrainsTRUEFALSETRUETRUE诺罗伯力
Greater UssuriNimanAlchanBisinHūrgaUssuriFurFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE尼满毕歆
Greater UssuriNimanImankaKolumbeHūrgaImankaFurFurTRUETRUETRUEFALSE尼满窟窿别
Greater UssuriNimanKatenHoroHūrgaHoroWild GameFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE尼满和罗
Greater UssuriNimanVakaNimanHūrgaImankaLumberLivestockTRUETRUETRUETRUE尼满尼满
HulanHūlanBayan SusuBayanHūrgaBayanMedicamentsFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE扈伦卜颜
HumarSahaliyan UlaKuanheGunEvenkSibaguciLumberLumberTRUETRUETRUEFALSE黑龙江城宽河
MudanHūrgaHailangGioroHūrgaFulunWheatLumberTRUETRUETRUETRUE胡里改宁古塔
MudanIlan HalaIlan HalaKalunHūrgaHūrgaLivestockWild GameTRUETRUETRUETRUE三姓卡伦
MudanHūrgaMudan UlaNiyeheHūrgaHūrgaHorsesHorsesTRUETRUETRUEFALSE胡里改乜河
MudanHūrgaNinggutaHūrhanHūrgaAsuRiceIronTRUETRUETRUETRUE胡里改忽汗
MudanHūrgaNinggutaGioroHūrgaAsuRiceRiceTRUETRUETRUEFALSE胡里改觉罗
MudanHūrgaOdoliAkedunHūrgaDalaSoybeansLumberTRUETRUETRUETRUE胡里改阿克敦
MulingMurenJixiGihiHūrgaMurenMedicamentsFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE毛怜鸡西
MulingMurenMulunMurenHūrgaMurenWild GameHorsesTRUETRUETRUETRUE毛怜毛怜
SānjiāngIlan HalaFutiWanlinHūrgaWanlinWheatFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE三姓万里
SānjiāngNoroLahasusuLaha SusuHūrgaKemuWheatFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE诺罗拉哈苏苏
SānjiāngNoroNuoluoNoroHūrgaNoroLivestockLivestockTRUETRUETRUEFALSE诺罗诺罗
SānjiāngTonTulguurAulemiHūrgaHūrgaWild GameFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE桃温奥里米
Small UssuriHingkaAnchunIluHūrgaIluWheatFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE兴凯亦鲁
Small UssuriMurenHulinKifūrinHūrgaShilimianSoybeanSoybeanTRUETRUETRUEFALSE毛怜七虎林
Small UssuriHingkaYimanSungachaHūrgaShilimainSoybeanSoybeanTRUETRUETRUEFALSE兴凯松阿察
Small UssuriHingkaYimanAkūliHūrgaShilimianFiber_cropsFiber CropsTRUETRUETRUETRUE兴凯阿库里
TangwangHūrgaIlan HalaHūrgaHūrgaHūrgaLegumesFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE胡里改胡里改
TangwangTonWanhufuTonHūrgaTonLumberLegumesTRUETRUETRUETRUE桃温桃温
TangwangIlan HalaWeheWekenHūrgaWekenLegumesStoneTRUETRUETRUETRUE三姓倭肯
SānjiāngNoroShuangyashanBocinHūrgaNoroWheatSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUETRUE诺罗宝清
GàizhōuGàizhōuFùzhōuFùzhōuJiāoliáoShěnyángLivestockClayFALSEFALSEFALSETRUE盖州复州
GàizhōuGàizhōuFùzhōuDélìsìJiāoliáoShěnyángLivestockSturdy GrainsFALSEFALSETRUETRUE盖州得利寺
GàizhōuGàizhōuGàizhōuXióngyuèchéngJiāoliáoShěnyángFishLivestockFALSEFALSETRUETRUE盖州熊岳城
GàizhōuGàizhōuGàizhōuGàizhōuJiāoliáoShěnyángFishSaltFALSEFALSEFALSETRUE盖州盖州
GàizhōuGàizhōuJīnzhōuJīnzhōuJiāoliáoShěnyángLivestockFishFALSEFALSEFALSETRUE盖州金州
GàizhōuGàizhōuZhuānghéHuánggǔdǎoJiāoliáoShěnyángFruitHorsesFALSEFALSETRUETRUE盖州黄骨岛
JǐnzhōuLiáoyángHǎizhōuHǎizhōuJiāoliáoShěnyángWheatFruitFALSETRUEFALSETRUE辽阳海州
JǐnzhōuLiáoyángHǎizhōuNiúzhuāngJiāoliáoShěnyángWheatLivestockFALSETRUETRUETRUE辽阳牛庄
LiáoyángFènghuángShěnyángLiánshānguānJiāoliáoShěnyángSoybeansStoneFALSETRUETRUETRUE凤凰连山关
CholCholHurleCholMongolianYuanFiber CropsHorsesTRUEFALSETRUETRUE绰尔绰尔
DìngliáoFènghuángDandongJiǔliánchéngJurchenShěnyángMarbleWheatFALSETRUETRUETRUE凤凰九连城
DìngliáoFènghuángDingliaoFènghuángchéngJurchenShěnyángLumberLumberFALSETRUETRUEFALSE凤凰凤凰城
DìngliáoFosonDonggoWanduJurchenShěnyángMedicamentsIronFALSETRUETRUETRUE婆速丸都
DìngliáoFosonDonggoDonggoJurchenShěnyángSpiceLivestockFALSETRUEFALSETRUE婆速董鄂
DìngliáoFosonKuandianPushiJurchenShěnyángLumberLeadFALSETRUETRUETRUE婆速蒲石
DìngliáoGolmin ŠanyanLinjiangYaluJurchenShěnyángMarbleIronFALSETRUETRUETRUE长白鸭渌
DìngliáoFosonWanggikaFosonJurchenShěnyángSpiceLivestockFALSETRUETRUETRUE婆速婆猪
DìngliáoFosonWanggikaFuluJurchenShěnyángSpiceRiceFALSETRUETRUETRUE婆速沸流
GàizhōuFènghuángXiùyánXiùyánJurchenShěnyángGemsGemsFALSETRUEFALSEFALSE凤凰绣岩
HulanHūlanHailunHailunHaisiWejiFurFurTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE扈伦海伦
HulanHūlanHulanHūlanHaisiTashanWheatWheatTRUETRUETRUEFALSE扈伦呼兰
HulanHūlanHvlanTieliHaisiEjimiSturdy GrainsSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUEFALSE扈伦铁骊
HulanHūlanOugenSuilenggeHaisiNalajiSturdy GrainsSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUEFALSE扈伦绥楞额
LalinZhaozhouBodunaBodunaHaisiSancahaSturdy GrainsWheatTRUETRUEFALSETRUE肇州伯都讷
LalinAlcukaBodunaTahuJurchenSancahaSturdy GrainsFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE阿城塔虎
LalinAlcukaHulawenAlejinJurchenLaluWheatWheatTRUETRUETRUEFALSE阿城阿勒锦
LalinAlcukaShangjingAlcukaJurchenLalinWheatLivestockTRUETRUETRUETRUE阿城阿城
LalinAlcukaShulanŠuranJurchenLalinLumberSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUETRUE阿城舒兰
LalinAlcukaYushuLalinJurchenLalinFiber CropsLegumesTRUETRUETRUETRUE阿城拉林
LiáoyángKāiyuánHeto AlaHetu AlaJurchenShěnyángHorsesHorsesFALSETRUETRUEFALSE开原赫图阿拉
LiáoyángKāiyuánJabiyanHecemuJurchenShěnyángLegumesLivestockFALSETRUETRUETRUE开原黑扯木
LiáoyángFènghuángQinheQīnghéJurchenShěnyángSturdy GrainsSturdy GrainsFALSETRUETRUEFALSE凤凰清河
Lower NonHuyurDalaiketunHuyurHaisiFuyuWheatLegumesTRUETRUETRUETRUE蒲与路蒲峪路
Lower NonHuyurNemeriUyun HoldonggiHaisiNemerLumberLivestockTRUETRUETRUETRUE蒲与路乌云和尔冬吉
Middle SonghuaGirin UlaGirin UlaGirinJurchenWuyewuCottonLumberTRUETRUETRUETRUE吉林吉林
Middle SonghuaGirin UlaItuItunJurchenItunWheatWheatTRUETRUETRUEFALSE吉林伊通
Middle SonghuaGirin UlaItuHersuJurchenYimahuWheatWheatTRUETRUETRUEFALSE吉林赫尔苏
MudanAlcukaMalongMahiyanJurchenMahiyanSturdy GrainsHorsesTRUETRUETRUETRUE阿城木兴
MulingSuifunDongningSancara AngaraJurchenSuifunSoybeanMedicamentsTRUETRUETRUETRUE速频三岔口
MulingSuifunJuru HotonJuru HotonJurchenJuru HotonFiber_cropsHorsesTRUETRUEFALSETRUE速频双城
MulingMurenJuru HotonLefuJurchenLefuWheatWheatTRUETRUETRUEFALSE毛怜勒富
SānjiāngIlan HalaFutiFukjinJurchenFutiWheatSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUETRUE三姓弗提
SuifunYaranAnjuHūlhinJurchenYaranSandFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE牙鲁外富锦
SuifunSuifunKaiyuanSuifunJurchenSuifunFurHorsesTRUEFALSETRUETRUE速频速频
SuifunYooseNoguleYooseJurchenYooseFishFishTRUETRUETRUEFALSE鱼失鱼失
SuifunYaranNoguleNoguleJurchenYooseFishPearlsTRUETRUEFALSETRUE牙鲁珠其
SuifunYaranShiliSirinJurchenSirinFishFishTRUETRUETRUEFALSE牙鲁失里
SuifunYaranSirinYaranJurchenYaranFishSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUETRUE牙鲁雅兰
SuifunSuifunSuifunJianzhouJurchenSuifunFurMedicamentsTRUEFALSETRUETRUE速频建州
SuifunSuifunYongmingchengMuhiyaJurchenMuhiyaFishFishTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE速频木阳河
TumenTumenHelongXianzhouJurchenHalanLumberFiber CropsTRUEFALSETRUETRUE土门显州
TumenTumenHuncunHuncunJurchenHuncunLumberSoybeanTRUEFALSEFALSETRUE土门珲春
TumenTumenKahariGahariJurchenAbdariLumberMedicamentsTRUEFALSETRUETRUE土门噶哈里
TumenTumenLongjingShanluJurchenHalanFurRiceTRUEFALSETRUETRUE土门杉卢
TumenTumenTulaziYancunJurchenShilinFishSaltTRUEFALSETRUETRUE土门盐州
TumenTumenYenjiAidanJurchenAidanLumberSoybeansTRUEFALSETRUETRUE土门艾丹
Upper BureyaUpper NiomanUpper NiomanNioman SekiyenJurchenTulutingLumberLumberTRUETRUETRUEFALSE上牛满牛满色禽
Upper SonghuaGolmin ŠanyanGolmin SalggiyanNeyenJurchenNeyenMedicamentsMedicamentsTRUETRUETRUEFALSE长白讷殷
Upper SonghuaHoifaHoifaFāngzhōuJurchenHuibaLumberRiceTRUETRUETRUETRUE辉发坊州
Upper SonghuaHoifaHoifaNadan FereJurchenHuibaLumberRiceTRUETRUETRUETRUE辉发那丹府
Upper SonghuaHoifaHuifachengHoifaJurchenHuibaWild GameGoldTRUETRUETRUETRUE辉发辉发
Upper SonghuaGolmin ŠanyanJuxeriJušeriJurchenJušeriLumberMedicamentsTRUETRUETRUETRUE长白朱舍里
Upper SonghuaHoifaLefuTodoJurchenTodoWild GameWild GameTRUETRUETRUEFALSE辉发秃都
Upper SonghuaGolmin ŠanyanSunggariHotonggiJurchenHotonggiFurSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUETRUE长白禾屯吉
YìzhōuKāiyuánKāiyuánHadaJurchenShěnyángHorsesHorsesFALSETRUETRUEFALSE开原哈达
YìzhōuKāiyuánKāiyuánYeheJurchenShěnyángHorsesHorsesFALSETRUETRUEFALSE开原叶赫
HulanHūlanBayan SusuMulunHūrgaMulunMedicamentsWild GameTRUETRUETRUETRUE扈伦木伦
Lower NonHuyurYilahaNemerJurchenMichenWheatSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUETRUE蒲与路讷漠尔
GuǎngníngShěnyángKāichéngJùliúhéKoreanShěnyángCottonSturdy GrainsFALSETRUETRUETRUE沈阳巨流河
LiáoyángLiáoyángLiáoyángLiáoyángKoreanShěnyángSoybeansSoybeansFALSEFALSEFALSEFALSE辽阳辽阳
LiáoyángLiáoyángLiáoyángĀnshānKoreanShěnyángSoybeansIronFALSEFALSETRUETRUE辽阳鞍山
LiáoyángShěnyángShěnyángYìlùKoreanShěnyángRiceSturdy GrainsFALSETRUETRUETRUE沈阳懿路
LiáoyángShěnyángShěnyángShěnyángKoreanShěnyángRiceSturdy GrainsFALSETRUEFALSETRUE沈阳沈阳
LiáoyángShěnyángShěnyángXiǎndúKoreanShěnyángRiceFishFALSETRUETRUETRUE沈阳险渎
Buir NuurBuir NuurBarun Xiaba'erMandubulagMongolianYuanWild GameLivestockTRUEFALSETRUETRUE捕鱼儿海满都宝力格
Buir NuurBuir NuurBuir NuurBuir NuurMongolianYuanHorsesFishTRUEFALSEFALSETRUE捕鱼儿海捕鱼儿海
Buir NuurBuir NuurKhalkhKhalkhMongolianYuanLivestockLivestockTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE捕鱼儿海喀尔喀
Buir NuurBuir NuurTamsabulagTamsabulagMongolianYuanLivestockLivestockTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE捕鱼儿海塔木萨格布拉格
CholCholTaizhouDoyanMongolianYuanHorsesHorsesTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE绰尔朵颜
GuǎngníngYìzhōuFùxīnSiratalayingolMongolianYuánAmberGemsFALSETRUETRUETRUE懿州细河
HailarHailarBayan UlaBayinuulMongolianYuanWoolWoolsTRUEFALSETRUETRUE海拉尔巴彦乌拉
HailarHailarHailarHuderMongolianYuanLivestockWild GameTRUEFALSETRUETRUE海拉尔库都尔
HailarHailarHulunHailarMongolianYuanSturdy_grainsHorsesTRUEFALSETRUETRUE海拉尔海拉尔
HailarHailarYiminImingolMongolianYuanWild GameWoolsTRUEFALSETRUETRUE海拉尔伊敏
LalinZhaozhouZhaozhouZhaozhouMongolianZhaozhouSturdy GrainsSturdy GrainsTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE肇州肇州
Lower NonZhaozhouSartSaratuMongolianDoyanSturdy GrainsSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUEFALSE肇州萨尔图
Lower NonZhaozhouTalahaBayanchaganMongolianDoyanSandFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE肇州巴彦查干
Lower ÜrgeneLower ÜrgeneMerelkaMordagaMongolianYuánLumberLumberFALSEFALSETRUEFALSE上额尔古纳莫尔道嘎
Middle SonghuaGirin UlaChangchunUjukhotMongolianItunLegumesLegumesTRUETRUETRUEFALSE吉林乌浩特
NuominNeminLahaLahaMongolianFuyuFishFishTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE讷敏拉哈
Tao'erToorChaghankherChángchūnMongolianYuánSturdy_grainsSturdy GrainsFALSETRUETRUETRUE挞鲁长春
Tao'erToorGorlosHara UsuMongolianYuánLivestockLivestockFALSETRUETRUEFALSE挞鲁哈拉乌苏
Tao'erToorHuolinHolingolMongolianYuánFishFishFALSETRUETRUEFALSE挞鲁霍林
Tao'erToorTuliemaoTulegmodoMongolianYuánWild GameWild GameFALSETRUETRUEFALSE挞鲁吐列毛杜
Tao'erToorWafangBudugünbulagMongolianYuánLivestockLivestockFALSETRUETRUEFALSE挞鲁突泉
Upper ArgunUpper ÜrgeneAbagaitaHegjuunbulagMongolianYuánLegumeLegumeFALSETRUETRUEFALSE下额尔古纳霍勒津布拉格
Upper ArgunUpper ÜrgeneGegenGegenMongolianYuánLumberLumberFALSETRUEFALSEFALSE下额尔古纳根河
Upper ArgunUpper ÜrgeneHasarHasarMongolianYuánWild GameWild GameFALSETRUEFALSEFALSE下额尔古纳哈撒儿城
XiliaoSiramurenHaiha'erHaiharMongolianYuánLivestockLivestockFALSETRUETRUEFALSE潢水海哈尔
XiliaoSiramurenKailuHuatugalMongolianYuánHorsesHorsesFALSETRUETRUEFALSE潢水花吐古拉
XiliaoSiramurenLinhuangLinhuangMongolianYuánSturdy GrainsSturdy GrainsFALSETRUEFALSEFALSE潢水临潢
XiliaoSiramurenQingzhouQingzhouMongolianYuánSturdy GrainsWoolsFALSETRUEFALSETRUE潢水庆州
XiliaoSiramurenXinkaiGurbantolgodMongolianYuánWoolWoolFALSETRUETRUEFALSE潢水三山
XiliaoSiramurenZhengjiatunBayantalMongolianYuánRiceHorsesFALSETRUETRUETRUE潢水巴彦塔拉
YìzhōuYìzhōuNíngchāngNíngchāngMongolianYuánLivestockLivestockFALSEFALSEFALSEFALSE懿州宁昌
YìzhōuYìzhōuTōngliáoJiremMongolianYuánWheatLivestockFALSEFALSETRUETRUE懿州哲里木
AmgunAmgunAmgunAmgunNegidalImFurFurTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE兴衮兴衮
AmgunAmgunDukinDukinNegidalKerbiFiber_cropsFiber CropsTRUEFALSEFALSETRUE兴衮都噶津
AmgunAmgunDzhukMang'acanNegidalManggacanLumberLumberTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE兴衮满泾
AmgunAmgunImilenImilenNegidalImilenLumberLumberTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE兴衮额密勒
AmgunAmgunKerbiKerbiNegidalKerbiClayFishTRUEFALSEFALSETRUE兴衮格尔毕
GorinGorinEvurDosomiNegidalKerbiFiber_cropsFiber_cropsTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE葛林多索密
Amur EstuaryAmur EstuaryNurganNurganNivkhYuanFishWild GameTRUEFALSEFALSETRUE黑龙江口奴儿干
Amur EstuaryAmur EstuaryNurganMiyooNivkhYuanFishGoldTRUEFALSETRUETRUE黑龙江口庙街
Amur EstuaryTugurShantarShantarNivkhTugurFishFishTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE黑龙江口尚塔尔
Amur EstuaryTugurTugurTugurNivkhTugurFishFishTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE黑龙江口督罕
Amur EstuaryTugurUsalginGuweleNivkhTugurFishFishTRUETRUETRUEFALSE黑龙江口郭勒
Northern SakhalinNorthern SakhalinIduiIduiNivkhLangryLumberLumberTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE北苦夷衣堆
Northern SakhalinNorthern SakhalinIduiPila‘voNivkhPoronayLumberFishTRUEFALSETRUETRUE北苦夷蒲隆
Northern SakhalinNorthern SakhalinNangha'erLangryNivkhLangryFurFurTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE北苦夷囊哈尔
Northern SakhalinNorthern SakhalinPorokotanTymyNivkhPoronayLumberLumberTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE北苦夷达溪
Northern SakhalinNorthern SakhalinWuliheNoglvoNivkhNoglvoFurFurTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE北苦夷兀烈河
SānjiāngNoroLahasusuIlgaHūrgaGilemiWheatSturdy GrainsTRUETRUETRUETRUE诺罗伊力嘎
TuminKijiDerenJariNivkhJariFishFishTRUETRUETRUEFALSE奇集扎里
TuminKijiDerenKijiNivkhKijiFishFurTRUETRUETRUETRUE奇集奇集
Amur EstuaryKijiBulavaBulavaOrochBulawaFishFishTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE奇集卜鲁兀
TuminYooseDattaDattaOrochKemerFishFishTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE鱼失达塔
TuminAmur EstuaryDerenKemerOrochKemerFishFishTRUETRUETRUEFALSE黑龙江口克默尔
TuminYooseKoppiKoppiOrochKemerWild GameWild GameTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE鱼失都尔
TuminAmur EstuaryTumzhdinTumjinOrochKemerWild GameWild GameTRUETRUETRUEFALSE黑龙江口托穆津
Lower NonZhaozhouZhalongSuwayanSibeSuwanMedicamentsFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE肇州苏温
Tao'erToorTaluheSolonSibeMutaliWoolWoolTRUETRUETRUEFALSE挞鲁索伦
Small UssuriHingkaAnchunHuyeUdiheHuyeWheatWheatTRUETRUETRUEFALSE兴凯兀也
Small UssuriYaranNamunkaFaltuUdiheFaltuFurFurTRUETRUETRUEFALSE牙鲁勿儿秃
TangwangTonChalinSarinUdiheSarinFishFishTRUETRUETRUEFALSE桃温撒力
TangwangSūnTaowenIcunUdiheTunheFurFurTRUETRUETRUEFALSE伊春伊春
TangwangTonWanhufuJarinUdiheTawūnLumberLumberTRUETRUETRUEFALSE桃温扎琳
BolonBolonXungakeXungakeUdiheUdiheFurWild GameTRUEFALSEFALSETRUE诺罗庄霭
Greater UssuriNimanBikinkaOlonUdiheBikinkaLumberLumberTRUETRUETRUEFALSE尼满鄂伦
Greater UssuriNimanXunkaSukpaiUdiheXunkaStoneFurTRUETRUETRUETRUE尼满苏克派
MulingMurenMishanHibsuUdiheMurenClayMedicamentsTRUETRUETRUETRUE毛怜密山
SānjiāngTonTulguurUtunUdiheUtunWild GameLumberTRUETRUETRUETRUE桃温五屯
TuminYooseKemaKemaUdiheEleStoneWild GameTRUETRUEFALSETRUE鱼失克马
TuminYooseSamarginkaSamargaUdiheEleFurFishTRUETRUETRUETRUE鱼失斡兰
TunguskaKurBidzhanBijanUdiheMuluhanFurFurTRUETRUETRUEFALSE古鲁毕占
TunguskaKurBiraKimniUdiheKurWheatStrudy GrainsTRUETRUETRUETRUE古鲁奇穆尼
TunguskaKurKukanKukanUdiheMuluhanFurFurTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE古鲁库坎
TunguskaKurKurKurUdiheKurSturdy_grainsFishTRUETRUEFALSETRUE古鲁古鲁
TunguskaKurSutaraSutarUdiheMuluhanFurGoldTRUETRUETRUETRUE古鲁苏塔尔
TunguskaKurUrmiUrmiUdiheKurWild GameWild GameTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE古鲁乌尔米
Small UssuriHingkaNotoNentuUidheFaltuLumberLumberTRUETRUETRUEFALSE兴凯能图
BolonBolonAchanUjalaUlchUjalaSturdy_grainsFishTRUEFALSETRUETRUE诺罗乌扎拉
BolonBolonNemptuIrkuluUlchIrkuluFurFurTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE诺罗亦儿古里
BolonBolonSimmiGehenUlchGehenSturdy_grainsSturdy GrainsTRUEFALSETRUETRUE诺罗格根
BolonBolonUninkaDondonUlchHarfenLumberFishTRUEFALSETRUETRUE诺罗敦敦
GorinKijiBitkiBitkiUlchUdylStrudy GrainsStrudy GrainsTRUETRUEFALSEFALSE奇集毕津
GorinGorinKedarKedarUlchGorinTinTinTRUEFALSEFALSEFALSE葛林孔东
GorinKijiPildaKalarUlchUdylStrudy GrainsStrudy GrainsTRUETRUETRUEFALSE奇集喀拉尔
GorinKijiUschuAjiUlchAjiLumberLumberTRUETRUETRUEFALSE奇集阿者
GorinGorinUschuFisenUlchFisenLumberLumberTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE葛林菲生
GorinGorinUschuIowetkeUlchIowetkeLumberLumberTRUEFALSETRUEFALSE葛林由倭特克
GuǎngníngGuǎngníngGuǎngníngGuǎngníngYanShěnyángLegumesSturdy GrainsFALSEFALSEFALSETRUE广宁广宁
GuǎngníngGuǎngníngWàngpíngWàngpíngYanShěnyángSturdy GrainsLivestockFALSEFALSEFALSETRUE广宁望平
GuǎngníngGuǎngníngYìzhōuYānjùnchéngYanShěnyángLivestockLivestockFALSEFALSETRUEFALSE广宁燕郡城
JǐnzhōuGuǎngníngDàlínghéPánshānYanShěnyángRiceLivestockFALSETRUETRUETRUE广宁盘山
JǐnzhōuJǐnzhōuDàlínghéDàlínghéYanShěnyángRiceLivestockFALSEFALSEFALSETRUE锦州大凌河
JǐnzhōuJǐnzhōuJǐnzhōuTǎshānYanShěnyángRiceSturdy GrainsFALSEFALSETRUETRUE锦州塔山
JǐnzhōuJǐnzhōuJǐnzhōuJǐnzhōuYanShěnyángRiceMercuryFALSEFALSEFALSETRUE锦州锦州
JǐnzhōuJǐnzhōuNíngyuǎnNíngyuǎnYanShěnyángWheatSturdy GrainsFALSEFALSEFALSETRUE锦州宁远
JǐnzhōuJǐnzhōuQiántúnRuìzhōuYanShěnyángFishSturdy GrainsFALSEFALSETRUETRUE锦州瑞州
LiáoyángShěnyángFǔshùnFǔshùnYanShěnyángCoalsAmberFALSETRUEFALSETRUE沈阳抚顺
Middle SonghuaGirin UlaNong'anLóng'ānYanElminFiber CropsWild GameTRUETRUETRUETRUE吉林隆安
YìzhōuKāiyuánKāiyuánKāiyuánYanShěnyángHorsesSoybeansFALSETRUEFALSETRUE开原开原
YìzhōuKāiyuánTiělǐngYínzhōuYanShěnyángSilverSilverFALSETRUETRUEFALSE开原银州
YìzhōuYìzhōuYeheHánzhōuYanYuánLegumesLegumesFALSEFALSETRUEFALSE懿州布尔图库
YìzhōuYìzhōuYìzhōuYìzhōuYanYuánLegumesSturdy GrainsFALSEFALSEFALSETRUE懿州懿州
Note 1: Adjust resources mainly based on Manshū Keizai Chizu (Japanese: 滿洲經濟地圖; lit. Manchukuo Economic Map; published in 1938).
Note 2: Placenames compiled from multiple sources, including Nouvel Atlas de la Chine (French/Manchu, 1737), Qing Maps (Chinese, 1721, 1728, 1766), Map of Jilin Rivers (Manchu/Chinese/Russian, 1711), Complete Genealogies of Manchu Surnames (Manchu/Chinese, 1744), Historical Atlas of China (Chinese; Translation; Annotations; 1982; Unreliable map with reliable annotations), Dictionary of Far East Placenames (Russian, 1975; Unreliable, Chinese corretions), Dictionary of Jurchen Script (Chinese, 1984), Old Placenames of Primorsky Krai/Khabarovsk Krai), Dorontu Manchu Dictionary, Hkuri Manchu/Mongolian/Chinese/Japanese Dictionaries, Manchu Ulabuns (Umesiben/Hulun/Weji), STELE - China Heritage Map, etc.
Note 3: Loosely conformed to the spelling of Norman (2013) in the Wikipedia article, Transliteration of Manchu: ū=uu=v; š=sh; c=ch; j=zh; k'=kk; g'=gg; h'=hh; ts=ts'=c; dz=z; ž=z; cy=c'y=chy; jy=zhy; (Mongolian) gh=ɣ. P.S., general names in Manchu for geographical entities: Ula/Bira=River; Alin=Mountain; Hada = Peak; Hoton = City; Gašan/Boo=Village; Wai=Bay; Bilten=Lake.

Nouvelle Atlas: Yupi
View attachment 1749347729615.png
Nouvelle Atlas: Cicigar
View attachment 1749347801249.png
Nouvelle Atlas: Border with Russia View attachment 1749347921324.pngNouvelle Atlas: Ke-tching (Kelar)
View attachment 1749347964918.png
Nouvelle Atlas: Korea
View attachment 1749348467577.png
Nouvelle Atlas: Ninggguta
View attachment 1749348615262.png
Nouvelle Atlas: Liaodong
View attachment 1749348668880.png
Jilin Jiuhe Tu
1749348949786.png
More maps: https://www.bilibili.com/opus/818965867261853729?spm_id_from=333.1387.0.0 https://kuanzin0562.github.io/maps_Outer_Northeast_China.github.io/
 

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Final Update on Manchuria
1. How Yuan Dynasty lost Manchuria?
This section is based mostly on Chinese sources as I found almost no English sources, except described how Yuan Dynasty lost Manchuria in the 13th Century. My citations include 元朝对黑龙江下游女真水达达地区统辖研究, 试论元末明初女真人迁徙的原因及其影响, 元末明初朝鲜半岛的女真族与明、朝鲜的关系, 满族从部落到国家的发展, 蒙元东道诸王及其后裔所属部众历史研究, In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire

After the conquest of Manchuria, Mongols conducted brutal genocide against Jurchens, extinguishing their identity by assimilating the remainders to Mongols or Han Chinese, which left a great vacuum in the areas. Manchuria under Yuan Dynasty were dominated by 3 forces, Eastern Uluses led by Mongol princes, Korean immigrants led by Hong Pok-wŏn family, and Liaodong Province under Yuan court. Although the Mongol princes stayed in the West of Manchuria, they enjoyed great autonomy over their "Mongol" subjects, assigned their own officials in Manchuria, and attempted to expand their realm in the whole Manchuria. In response to the aggressiveness, Kublai Khan allied with Korean immigrants and established Liaoyang Province in 1269 to hold back the princes.

As a result, Jurchens became loyal subjects of Mongol princes and adopted Mongol nomadic lifestyle. Yuan government allowed them to resume their old customs, while putting heavy tax and levy on the mere 20,000 Jurchen households. In 1274 and 1280, 15,000 and 3,000 Jurchen men were levied In the notorious expeditions against Japan. In 1292, 5 Jurchen Tumen were established in Northern Manchuria in the conquest of Nurgan and Sakhalin. In 1328-1332, War of the Two Capitals left a devastating consequence in the population of Southern Manchuria. Yuan also demanded Jurchens' obligation to offer falcons and maintain the transportation line, which added to the economic burden of Jurchens.

The chaotic regime of Mongols impact the livelihood of Jurchens. In 1320, Yuan government cut the expenditure to maintain the courier route and its administration in Nurgan, resulting in unemployment and great discontent among Jurchens. Later in 1346, Weji Jurchens refused to offer falcons and openly revolted against the government. Soon, Jin loyalists in Southern Manchurian initialed two revolts in Southern Manchuria. Although the loyal 5 Jurchen Tumens were the major forces to suppress these revolts, the government cut down their size to 3, Odoli, Hurga, and Ton.

As the collapse of the empire approached, the Jurchen loyalists became the targets of tribal feuds. While the Red Turbans raged in Southern Manchuria and Korea in the 1350s and 1360s, 3 Tumens began migrating to the south in fear of revenge from Weji Jurchens. In 1371, the government of Liaoyang Province officially surrended to Ming Dynasty. In the following year, Weji Jurchens attacked 3 Tumens the city of Xiguan (around Huncun). According to Ming Dynasty records, Xiguan surrended to Ming in 1378 under the hereditary "Han Chinese" ruler from Tieling, Zhu Nayanbuqa. The pressures from Weji, Mongols, and Korea forced the rest of the tribes eventually united under Li Manju, grandson of Wanggiyan Ahachu. (his name is possibly the origin of Manchu, his father was given the Chinese surname Li by Emperor Yongle)

As Jianzhou Jurchen migrated and united, the 4 clans around Hulan River Basin also migrated to south for both trade revenue and protection against Mongols and tribal feud from Yeren Jurchen in the early 15th Century. Yehe, Hada, Ula, and Hoifa were named Haixi or Hulun, settling around the boderland trade center Kaiyuan. In a nutshell, all the Jurchen tribes are not in the right places for now. The migration of Jianzhou Jurchen should start not earlier than 1347, while the Haixi Jurchen should not migrate before the border trade began in 1406.

View attachment 1292413
Translation of 10-12th Century Minority Migration and Distribution Map from 中国移民史

Major Divisions: (X Jurchens/Khitan/Bohai)
This section is to illustrate the possible division of states and SoP according to various sources, especially on the divisions of Shu Jurchen under direct control of the central government and Sheng Jurchen under indirect control.
  • 生女真 Sheng Jurchen (lit. Wild Jurchen)
    • 渤海 Bohai/Balhae
      • 渤海 Bohai/Balhae, relocated to Liao River Basin after Liao conquest of Bohai in 926 (see Xiaoliao)
      • 铁骊/铁离/铁力 Tieli or 铁甸 Tiedian (often confused with nearby Turkic Tiele people) , i.e. Tieli Clan of Heishui Mohe and Bohai State, subjugated and relocated by Liao in 926, joined Jurchen Jin Dynasty in 1114
      • 兀惹女真 Wure Jurchen 兀者女真 Wuzhe Jurchen (Uše Jušen in Qing document, uše = Belt, or Weji Jušen, Weji = Forest) It should be Udege or Oroch who are know for their connection with the forest.
      • 含国部 Hanguo Clan. Its leader 斡豁 Hanhuo rebelled against Wanyan Jin Dynasty in 1104 and defeated in 活罗海川 (Hurga River). Unknown relationship with later Hurga Tribe.
      • 东海女真 Donghai Jurchen 滨海女真 Binhai Jurchen (Namuka Jušen, namu = ocean, -ka = people) refers to Warka, Hurga, and Weji in Ming Dynasty records - Weji should be an alternative name for Wuzhe Jurchen.
    • 五国部 Wuguo (Five States) Clan, Jurchen tributaries originated from Heishui Mohe, often categrized to Sheng Jurchen, headed by Liao-appointed Wuguo Qiongshuai (lit. Chieftain marshal of five states) (1: 满洲源流考 Imperial Manchu history sponsored by Qianlong Emperor 1777; 2. 五国城与五国国名的破译 modern historian Liu Wensheng & Zhang Taixiang 2006)
      • 越里吉国 Yueliji State - (1: ilhi ~ deputy; lrahi ~ waves) = 斡朵怜军民万户府 Handuolin Tumen (Odoli Tumen) head of Ilan Hala (lit. Three tribes: Odoli, Hurga, and Ton) = Yilan County
      • 盆奴里国 Yuepenli State = 陶温军民万户府 Taowen Tumen in Yuan Dynasty = 屯河卫 Tunhe Wei in Ming Dynasty (name after Tangwang River - Ton Bira) = in Tangyuan County
      • 越里笃国 Yuelidu State (Qing - iletu ~ openly; modern - yerutu ~ cave) or 宛里城 Wanli City= 脱斡岭军民万户府 Tuohanling Tumen in Yuan Dynasty (Toweri Alin - winter mountain) = 万里河卫 Wanlihe Wei in Ming Dynasty = in Huachuan County
      • 奥里米国 Aolimi State (1: Mongolian loanword Olom ~ ferry crossing; 2: oirma ~ Manchurian trout) = in Suibin County
      • 剖阿里国 Bo'ali State - (1: Bohoir - Garden Pea; 2: beri - bow) = Khabarovsk
    • 生女真 Sheng Jurchen (under the stricter categorization)
      • 完颜部 Wanyan Clan (Wanggiyan)
      • 徒单部 Tudan Clan (Family name 圖克坦氏 Tuktan in 八旗滿洲氏族通譜 Eigh Banners Genealogy Dictionary)
      • 唐括部 Tangkuo Clan (湯務氏 Tanggū in dict.)
      • 泥庞古部 Nipanggu Clan (尼瑪哈氏 Nimaha in dict.)
      • 乌林答部 Wulinda Clan (吳靈阿氏 Ulingga in dict.)
      • 乌延部 Wuyan Clan (吳雅氏 Uya in dict.)
      • 温迪痕部 Wendihen Clan (溫特赫氏 Untehe in dict.)
      • 职德部 Zhide Clan (哲爾徳氏 Jerde in dict.)
      • 乌古论部 Wugulun Clan (吳庫理氏 Ukuri, Chinese family name 商 Shang)
      • 达鲁古部 Dalugu Clan (refer to Mongolian loanword Darga ~ chief in 钦定辽金元三史国语解 Manchu Translation of History of Liao, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties, some sources claim it's Daur 辽金时期的达斡尔族先人——“达鲁古” 卓仁 2019; or named after 洮儿河 Tao'er River, Toor Bira)
      • 斡准部 Hanzhun Clan (Hūkjun per tsl. lit. Storks)
      • 蒲鲁毛朵部 Pulumaoduo Clan (tsl. -> lit. "blue Mandala" in Mongolian, but "Bor Manja" means Brown Mandala. )
  • 熟女真 Shu Jurchen (Civilized Jurchen) The structure is unclear due to lack of materials.
    • 北女直 Bei Jurchen (North Jurchen)
    • 南女直 Nan Jurchen (South Jurchen)
    • 回跋女直 Huiba Jurchen (Hoifa Jurchen)
      • 黄龙府部 Huanglongfu Clan (????, in Kaiyuan)
      • 长白山部 Changbaishan Clan (golmin šanyan alin?)
      • 鸭绿江部 Yalujiang Clan (Yalu Ula?)
      • 北唐古部 Beitanggu Clan (North Tangut?)
      • 移典部 Yidian Clan (启东录 1879 -> idekhiig in Mongolian- ask sb. to eat) relocated from Changbaishan ClanView attachment 1293346
According to Yongbieocheonga, the leaders of Odoli, Hurga, and Ton were 夹温猛哥帖木儿 Jiawen Mengge Tiemuer(가온멍거터물 gaon meongga temul)Gioro Möngke Timur, 古论阿出哈 gulun ahachu(고론어하추 goron eohachu) Gurun Ahachu, and 高卜儿阏 Gao Bu'eryu (광불엉 gwang buleong) possibly Gūwalgiya XXX.

Mistakes on the map

to be done...

Which of the Sheng Jurchen would you consider for possible landed tags on the map, in addition to what we have already, if any?

1749548841523.png
 
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Which of the Sheng Jurchen would you consider for possible landed tags on the map, in addition to what we have already, if any?

View attachment 1316378
The easiest part - Around Shenyang. There were three clans of the Changbai Mountains
1749552158231.png

  • Yehe: then Yehui Clan, not in the right place, later taken by Nara.
  • Hoifa: then the Huiba Clan, okay with the current location, later taken over by Nara.
  • Juxeri -> Jušeri: part of Changbaishan Jurchen, wrong location, but the orthography is peculiar, unknown family.
  • Neyen: part of Changbaishan Jurchen, occupied part of the Jušeri location.
  • Yalu: The current location is along the Tumen River, not Yalu, as shown above.
Jušeri, Neyen, and Yalu may fill the blank on the other side of the Changbai Mountains, if necessary. For those Jurchen in coastal Korea, you can refer to the post by tinto. I also made some clarification on their family names. Only Halan and Haiyan were Tumens, and others were Mingghan or Moke. I wonder whether we should have two Tumens, or just a few one-location tages

Also, it would be better to have Xiguan in Huncun as a Tumen, which would control the Warka region (now SoP). The family name was said to be Chinese Zhu, the same as the Ming Dynasty, but we can't know more about their real Jurchen names.

The problem of Yehe's location: Yehe was in that circle within Kaiyuan. Lol. The current flatland of Yehe was not a Jurchen possession in the Qing Dynasty but belonged to the Mongols. Thus, I feel the majority of Yehe was in the mountainous part.
1749553699989.png

seats of Jusheri, Neyen, and Yalu.
1749554457787.png
I hope we can represent all these Ming-dynasty Weisuo, with text styled in blue on the map, as settled tribes, particularly those along the Amur and the Ussuri, because I felt that the Yuan could hardly really control most of them. As I noted, the Liaoyang Province was just a tool to compete with the influence of other kingdoms in Manchuria. They were stable in the places for centuries, basically named after the river basin in which they were active, while obliged to maintain local transport routes for the Mongols.

1749550455338.png


Notably, the Jin Dynasty built two cities in the lower Amur: one was Nurgan, and the other was Ha'erfen (I stylized it as Harfen; the current position of Uninka). Nurgan became the seat of the Zhengdong General for Nivkhs, while Harfen Weji-Gilemi Tumen. From my understanding, the name Gilemi was not particularly associated with the Nivkh, but rather shared the same etymology (lit. lower reach) as Kilen, Kelar, referring to all peoples living in the lower Amur, particularly below Harfen. This Tumen should control the Udege (Weji) people and all the lower Amur.

Sibaguci in Tehcha (Old Aigun) could be a tag for Daurs, as they were the earliest settlers in the Zeya basin. They were city builders and farmers, spanning from Yaksa to Zeya. Hardly to define their northern boundary. As Yaksa was classified into another jurisdiction, I assume that Evenks may have taken over the Daur cities in this area; together, they eventually formed the multi-ethnic Solon. But unknown about their current status.

Hulun was then under Tahai Tumen under an unknown family. Apparently, Nara revolted there and took over the Tumen. Huyur was a Jurchen Tumen from the Jin Dynasty, but it lost most of its population in the beginning. Technically, the land of Solons was part of the territory of Huyur during the Jin Dynasty. (And I feel its history sounds too similar to Sibe) Zhaozhou was a Mongolian Tumen, situated directly opposite the former capital of the Jin Dynasty. It should be designed under the rule of some Mongolian kingdoms, as it controlled the Jurchen heartland and the transportation line between Shuidada, Sibaguci, and Liaoyang.
 
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Locations zoom 1 (1).png
feedback on manchurian location. only seven locations had been added.
provinces.png
feedback on provinces. on areas, I hope you add those newly added Dongliao province and Yalu Ula Province to Songhua area.

Also, I am concerned that the positions of the Jurchen states differ considerably from their actual historical locations. However, considering the overall distribution of the Jurchen states and it appears that the intention was for each tribe to naturally follow the flow of history through the development of the Four Commanderies and Six Garrisons (4군 6진). I understand that since the Jurchen states are implemented as territorial entities in the game(maybe), it would be difficult to change them to allow migration at this point, and such compromises are necessary to naturally implement territorial changes and the rise and fall of Jurchen powers.
However, I would recommend implementing the Jurchen tribes in a form that allows territorial movement within the game. If such movement were possible, I would suggest relocating the Odoli tribe and Huligai tribe to Ilan Hala and Wehe respectively, based on original(not modified) locations.
 
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View attachment 1319320feedback on manchurian location. only seven locations had been added.View attachment 1319321 feedback on provinces. on areas, I hope you add those newly added Dongliao province and Yalu Ula Province to Songhua area.

Also, I am concerned that the positions of the Jurchen states differ considerably from their actual historical locations. However, considering the overall distribution of the Jurchen states and it appears that the intention was for each tribe to naturally follow the flow of history through the development of the Four Commanderies and Six Garrisons (4군 6진). I understand that since the Jurchen states are implemented as territorial entities in the game(maybe), it would be difficult to change them to allow migration at this point, and such compromises are necessary to naturally implement territorial changes and the rise and fall of Jurchen powers.
However, I would recommend implementing the Jurchen tribes in a form that allows territorial movement within the game. If such movement were possible, I would suggest relocating the Odoli tribe and Huligai tribe to Ilan Hala and Wehe respectively, based on original(not modified) locations.
Minor correction on Yaran and Sirin:
1750467676388.png

Yaran = Suchan, with archeological and philological evidence

See Shinobu Iguro, 2005 (in Japanese) for details; also, my map corrects the old viewpoint on locating Yaran from the Historical Atlas of China.
 
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these are the final versions. Blue color indicates the modified provinces, and the red color indicates the newly added province. last image is for exact locations, with the tiny 1 pixel dots. you may use it by opening all the images in one photoshop project. line and circle indicates their positions.
first article is for northeast china.
 

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