In regard to Chinese hegemony: will receiving tribute be represented as something the Chinese empire has to expend resources on (e.g. the court often returned gifts to envoys that were worth more than any tribute received)? Will something similar to Zheng He’s expeditions be represented? And will rulers of neighbouring realms be able to travel to China and send gifts to show their submission (as in CK2)?
Regarding this, the latest research shows that tribute was a unique trading system. It is indeed possible that the emperor would bestow more gifts on the tributary states that he liked or were loyal to him. However, in most cases, the value of the gifts bestowed by the emperor was not significant to China. For example, the iron pots and porcelain that were repeatedly granted by the Ming Dynasty. They were not valuable to China, the original producing country. Not to mention that the Ming Dynasty even used the notorious Great Ming Treasure Notes as gifts for a long time.
The "Great Ming Code" stipulates that the purchasing price of pepper for tribute envoys is 37.5 wen per jin. However, the problem is that the blue and white porcelain dishes exchanged for tribute envoys in the "Great Ming Code" are priced at 6,250 wen!
One blue and white porcelain dish is equivalent to 166 jin of pepper. The 10,000 jin of pepper presented by Siam in one tribute mission is only equivalent to the price of 60 porcelain dishes.
According to Chen Baoliang's research, in Songjiang in the late Ming Dynasty, a top-quality fine porcelain could be bought for 3 to 5 qian, which is equivalent to 0.5 taels each. That is to say, the imperial court sold them to tribute envoys at a price more than 12 times the market price. If we follow the quotation in the "Regulations of the Ministry of Works" during the Wanli reign, the price of porcelain dishes was reduced to 0.005 taels each, which is exactly the price of lower-grade fine porcelain in Songjiang. If calculated according to this price, it means selling to tribute envoys at a price 1,200 times the market price.
During the Hongzhi period, it was stipulated that for all tributes from foreign countries, the goods brought by the kings, queens, and envoys would be subject to a tax of one fifth, with the remaining four fifths returned in value, always in a combination of money and paper currency. For kings and queens, six parts would be in money and four parts in paper currency. For envoys and their entourages, four parts would be in money and six parts in paper currency. The returned value would be in goods, with one hundred strings of paper currency and five strings of copper coins being equivalent to ninety-five strings of paper currency in goods. This would increase progressively, all according to the set amounts. If the emperor specially exempted the tribute from the tax, it would not be subject to this rule.
The specific return prices for the tributes were as follows, with different prices for some countries' tributes:
Tributes:
Saffron, 500 coins per jin. Pepper, 3 guan per jin. Ivory, 500 coins per jin [10 guan for Siam].
Returns:
Rhubarb, 30 guan per jin. Blue and white porcelain plates, 500 guan each. Pots, three feet wide, 150 guan each.
The tributes were subject to a customs duty of half, and the returns were mostly high-premium goods, with a considerable amount of paper currency.
This is a price comparison table. On the left is the value of the tribute gifts from tributary states after being maliciously undervalued by the Ming Dynasty. On the right is the value of the gifts bestowed by the Ming Dynasty after the prices were crazy inflated within the Ming Dynasty.
This comparison is simply insane. The Ming Dynasty raised the prices of many items to several thousand times the market price, while pushing down the prices of the tribute gifts from tributary states to about one-tenth of the market price.