Chapter XIX: A Tale of Two Divisions.
In the planning of Operation Vulcan great care was made to play to the main British advantage; naval supremacy. Dominating the seas, at least those around the operational area allowed fire support far in excess of anything the army's artillery units could offer and the opportunity to deploy troops along the coast far faster than the Italians could. While Royal Navy could indeed act as a force multiplier and greatly level the odds, the influence of the fleet did not extend far inland. For the battle's fought far from the coast the Army would only have the limited in theatre forces of the RAF for back up.
Despite these issues the initial phases of the operation went well, Alexander's III and IV Corps had little difficulty brushing aside the barely dug in Italian IX Corps around Solum, forcing back across the border into Libya. On the landward flank Alanbrooke's II Corps exploited the victory to cross the border and wheel towards the Italian strong point of Fort Capuso.
The ease of the initial breakthrough has variously been attributed to superior leadership, the Italian Army's disdain for defensive planning and naval fire support. All these did indeed pay their part, but the main factor was undoubtedly the massive qualitative difference in equipment and training between the two forces. These differences can be demonstrated by comparing the first units to engage each other.
The Italian unit, the 31a 'Calabria' division, had been trained to operate in a hypothetical war against either France or Yugoslavia. Chronically short of heavy equipment the division could barely muster forty artillery pieces, the vast majority of which where looted Great-War era Austrian relics that had been obsolete in 1918. The equipment problems extended to small arms, in particular the unreliable Breda M30 Machine gun and the infamous Model 35 'Red Devil' grenades which were prone to exploding in the thrower's hand.
The Fucile Mitragliatore Breda modello 30, informally known as the Breda 30. Famously one of the world's worst machine guns it had many terrible features, these ranged from serious problems with the lubrication system that made it prone to jamming in desert conditions through to a flawed 'quick-change' mechanism on the barrel which meant the barrels occasionally fell off during firing.
In comparison the British 5th 'Mhow' Division was a regular unit in Southern Indian Army trained for colonial operations. It's base of Mhow was literally a military town, Mhow being an acronym for 'Military Headquarters of Western India' the reason the British had created the first settlement there. Trained to operate in rough colonial conditions the 5th division could muster seventy 18 Pdrs and was equipped with the legendarily reliable Vickers 0.303 machine gun.
This comparison was repeated across both armies and the Italian deficiencies were magnified by the poor high level leadership. In the 1920s spiralling budget deficits had forced the Italian military to make a choice, forcibly retire the senior Great War era officers or decimate the ranks of the junior officers. The second option was chosen, a mistake on two levels. Militarily it entrenched 'Old Guard' thinking in the officer corps. The most likely people to be recommended for removal where those who had dissented at the status quo. Those who had not annoyed the high command and accepted their ideas as gospel stayed. The solution also failed financially, the senior officers were paid disproportionally large salaries and demanded bloated staffs as a right regardless of rank, so the sackings did not even reduce the deficit. The continuing shortfall was made up by cutting equipment and training budgets for those junior officers who remained, further reducing the quality of the officer corps.
In spite of all this the Italian Army was not to be lightly dismissed. It had massive numerical superiority, a large (if obsolete) light armoured force and on it's day was capable of matching any force thrown at it, as the British II Corps would soon discover at Fort Capuso.
Up Next: The plan contacts the enemy! The Battles of Fort Capuso and Tobruk.