Tinto Maps #30 - 20th of December 2024 - South America

[donbg]

There is an overrepresentation of non-Tupi people and underrepresentation of Tupi people and I wanted to suggest changes to it, but I ended up writing a bit further about Tupi cultures and trade goods.

The initial suggestion is of course to get rid of the Mata Atlântica wasteland. The reasoning given for these wastelands is due to low demographic density but this density is due to the subsistence method pursued by the ethnic groups inhabiting this region - primarily hunting, gathering and fishing. If hunter-gatherers in Southern Africa, Australia and California don’t get this treatment, I don’t see why huner-gatherers should here. The agriculturalist Tupi (and Guarani) had been in a process of expansion, and they preferred to settle along the coastline not because of some magical property making the Mata Atlântica more habitable in those areas but because the canoe was their main method of locomotion and transport, and they also prioritised fishing with traps that had to be placed under cataracts. The Tupi focused on expanding along the coastline and through waterways, as opposed to much of the interior. This is, of course, not a rule but a trend. What seems to be more of a rule was their avoidance of non-forested environments, staying either in the Amazon or the Mata Atlântica as opposed to venturing into the Cerrado- the Mata Atlântica was more productive and accessible to them then the Cerrado.

When the Portuguese arrived, they borrowed the slash-and-burn agricultural techniques from the Tupi to prepare the soil for their own commercial monoculture- and they applied them to parts of the Mata that the Tupi had never settled. As such, it is weird to talk about the Mata as if it was a wasteland that was unsuitable for Tupi expansion or agriculture. There is nothing about certain Mata Atlântica regions categorised as wastelands that makes them wastelands as opposed to the non-wastelands.

As for the spread of Tupi population by 1337, there is disagreement about the migration pattern of the Tupi and, as such, there is disagreement about their extent and dates. It is generally agreed they originated somewhere in the Amazon Basin. We also have archaeological evidence to know that by the 10th century, the Tupi had already settled on the coastline of São Paulo and Paraná, and were present in the Northeast. However, there are two main hypotheses for Tupi migration - either they left the Amazon Basin through the Northeast and from the Northeast went down the coastline southwards or they went along a similar inland route to the Guarani from the Amazon Basin but unlike them, descended into the southeastern coastline and then went northwards along the coastline. Whatever the case, there are enough archaeological Tupi sites to know that by 1337, they already were completely predominant in much of the coastline.

Anyway, here are my recommendations for some of the Tupi cultures.

• Should the Tupi and Guarani be an SOP? They did not practice permanent agriculture for the most part, their villages were their basic political unit under overarching confederations and familial ties were the main expression of economic and political relations. This disqualifies them from some guidelines for the SOPs. However, they formed larger confederations for the purpose of ritualistic warfare, under the leadership of powerful war leaders, and had strong delineation of territories through these confederations. The widespread use of palisades among villages suggests that they lived in an environment prone to such organised but ritualistic war.
  • Aside from the Tupian peoples along the Amazon, who may have pursued different modes of existence, the littoral Tupi had a consistency in their societal, economic and political organization along the shape of what I described above. As such, if Tinto believes that the above constitutes an SOP, all Tupi should be SOPs. If they believe that doesn’t constitute, then they shouldn’t be SOPs.
  • I believe making the Tupi into SOPs is interesting as the Tupi certainly at least demonstrated the ability of organising themselves in large confederations to fight against Europeans.
  • As for the Guarani specifically, I have seen mentions that they were experiencing a greater level of political centralization but more research is needed on my/your part to confirm this.
• There should be a majority of Tupinambá people around Rio de Janeiro. The Guanabara Bay was very densely inhabited by the Tupinambá. In the colonial period, some of these people organised either against or in favour of the Portuguese in confederations.
  • With the arrival of the Europeans and their involvement in the politics of the local clans, the Tupinambá came to divide themselves politically between the Tamoios and the Temiminós people but prior to that, it is inaccurate to categorise distinct Tamoios and Temiminós groups.
  • There may have been some form of small Kaingang presence in Guanabara Bay, according to some authors.
• The Tupiniquim (also known as Tupinaki) in the south should arguably stretch down into Paraná, around the Paranaguá Bay. Traditionally it has been assumed that this region was inhabited by Carijó people but archaeological research suggests a pre-colonial presence of Tupiniquim people there.
• Across the southern coastline, there currently is a culture called “kaxixo”. I do not know who these people are, I’m not familiar with the use of this term at all and a quick search shows an entirely different small ethnicity in Minas Gerais. I assume you are confusing the term with Carijó, which is a broader term used to refer to the Guarani people that lived across the coastline. You can either decide to represent them as a separate Carijóethnicity, or as part of the Guarani people.
  • See below my notes on the Guarani people.
  • The Kaingang and Laklano people shouldn’t be on the coastline, the Carijó should be completely dominant along the coastline.
• The Tupiniquim(and to some extent possibly some Tupinambá) that are on the coastline of Espirito Santo towards Bahia shared a lot of territory with non-Tupi groups such as ethnicities related to the Maxakali and the Aimoré (who seem to be represented as part of the Kren). However, in the current culture map, the non-Tupi groups are over-represented in this coastline. Porto Seguro, for example, was inhabited by the Tupiniquim but seems to have partially non-Tupi groups where it is located. Similar areas also should be Tupi, see the map below. São Mateus provides an interesting case as it was inhabited by non-Tupi groups when the Portuguese arrived but there is archaeological evidence of Tupi people living between the 11th and 15th century, suggesting that in 1337, the region may have been primarily Tupi.
  • The Baenã are a non-Tupi and perhaps non-Jê ethnicity located roughly along this area as well but towards the interior, not the coastline.
• In the northeastern littoral, there also should be more Tupis. The coastline of Alagoas should be populated by the Kaetes, not the Kiriris, for example. Kiriris should be restricted further inland.
• The Tabajara are missing from one of the main regions associated with them, as they were first recorded as inhabiting the coastline of Pernambuco along with the Kaete. They would occupy a small stretch around the Captaincy of Itamaracá, which lies to the north of Recife and their range would extend until João Pessoa roughly.
• The one-location culture Pitaguary should not exist. It is not a term I was familiar with so I looked it up, Pitaguary was used up until the 19th/20th century as a mention of a location, not an ethnic group, and likely derives from the group Potiguary/Potiguara. The recognition of a people as the Pitaguary is entirely a modern idea associated with modern self-denomination and not a category relevant to the 14th-18th century. In 1337 and 1500, there would be no Pitaguary ethnicity either as a category or a self-recognition. The location with Pitaguary culture should be Potiguara.
• The Tremembé people are not Tupi, and they were considered to be Tapuia. However, the affiliation of the language is unknown, it is also not proven if they are Jê.
• The Kaapor currently inhabiting the coastline next to Marajó should possibly not exist in 1337, or at least not be present anywhere near that area. From my understanding they formed as a recognisable distinct group in the area due to the pressures of Portuguese exploration of the Tocantins region and they migrated northwards to the coastline only much later in the 19th century. That area should be inhabited by the Tremembé or Tupinambá people or both in 1337.
• The Amayané don’t seem to be represented as a culture. They would be found around the rivers Pindaré and up to the Tocantins, bordering the Tenetehara.
• I have not noted down in the map but there is evidence of Tupi people further inland along the southern part of Minas Gerais, such as around Juiz de Fora, since at least the 700s.

Rough sketch of Tupi culture changes. The red circle indicates that the region in question has some smaller evidence of Tupi presence and likely was more multi-ethnic, with alternating Tupi and non-Tupi elements. As mentioned, either the Tupi should be SOPs consistently or none of them should be SOPs.

Notes on the Guarani people

The first thing on the Guarani is that I personally don’t understand why you are referring to them as ‘Ava’. Ava was a term indeed used by the Guarani to refer to ‘the people’, but academically, the Guarani term is exclusively used, and it is the most recognisable term. It is also not an offensive term and it originates in the Guarani language. As such, why generate confusion for players- a similar principle was applied to the Berber people where they are called Berber instead of Amazigh to keep things clear for the player, despite Berber having some offensive connotations.

As the Guarani people are united and not split, the justification of representing the Carijó as a separate ethnicity when they likely were not a separate linguistic group at all is small. There’s also the Tape people who lived on the western coast of the Lagoa dos Patos in Rio Grande do Sul, who were described often as a separate or related ethnicity to the Guarani by the Europeans but were Guarani themselves.

There is perhaps a reason to split up the Guarani people in order to represent them as a smaller SOP. If you end up wanting to do that, the three main ethnicities are the Nhandeva, the Kaiowás and the Mbya. There’s also the Guaraiós, which had a distinct language.


Trade Goods in 1337:

Cultivation of Cotton:

• The Tupi and Guarani people cultivated cotton (like other indigenous peoples in the Americas), which they spun to make hammocks. This was low-scale cultivation and I have not seen any evidence of its continuation in the early colonial population, but I could be incorrect. The Europeans in Brazil would begin commercially cultivating cotton only in the 18th century in the Northeast- Maranhão, among other states. Up to you in Tinto if you decide to represent the indigenous cotton or not.

Cultivation of Tobacco:

• The Tupi and Guarani people cultivated tobacco for ritual use. With colonization, the cultivation of tobacco continued into the colonial period for both commercial and personal use. The main plantations were concentrated from Salvador to Recife during the early colonial period, and the Portuguese government even made tobacco a state monopoly. In the 19th century, the cultivation of tobacco spread to other parts of Brazil. It would be worth having some Tupi-Guarani locations with Tobacco in the Northeast and spread out more broadly.

The ‘drogas do sertão’ / drugs of the backlands

• The ‘drogas do sertão’ are spices that were used by indigenous peoples but later by colonizers for a number of uses, mainly medicinal. This is already I assume represented by the prevalence of Medicaments in the Amazon. However, two of these drogas, the pau-cravo and the urucum were used as spices more often than medicaments. I would suggest representing these two as Spices - though Urucum could also be represented as a Dye as it was also used as a dye (perhaps this is what the one Dye in the Amazon represents). Urucum was used as a replacement for saffron and the procurement of pau-cravo as a spice drove it to near extinction. They were harvested primarily from the rivers of the Amazon Basin, though they have a larger presence. As such, I suggest adding a little bit of Spice to the Amazon - perhaps another or two Dyes could be added to the Amazon and one or two Spices could also be added.
• Cocoa was considered the most lucrative ‘droga’. It was used by indigenous peoples throughout the Amazon Basin and Pará, and began to be cultivated by the Portuguese from the 17th century onwards. I don’t understand why it isn’t shown as a resource. There definitely should be locations with Cocoa.

Minas Gerais wasteland:

• A lot of other people seem to have given feedback on this so I won’t add a lot. Minas Gerais was an important source of Gold and diamonds (Gems).

Paraná wasteland

• Paraná’s original commercial cultivation was erva-mate (see below) under the period of Spanish governance as the province of Guairá. The cultivation of erva-mate was of interest well into the 19th century.
• Paraná has some gold that was discovered early in the colonial period but any incentive to explore this gold was abandoned in favour of the mines in Minas Gerais. To represent this, I believe Paraná should have small amounts of Gold in Paranaguá and in the Campos de Curitiba - primarily the towns of Vilinha and Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais to illustrate this initial potential of gold in the region.
• During the 18th to 19th century, wood became a very important industry in Paraná . The wood was taken from araucária trees - pine trees that form pine forests in the region, very unlike the vegetation of elsewhere in the Mata Atlântica. Although these trees were always prevalent in the region, only with railways and other infrastructure did their extraction become commercially feasible on a large scale to export. I believe much of interior Paraná should have Lumber as a resource to indicate the importance of this tree but also to make it comparatively an economically unattractive region for colonization, simulating the fact that colonization happened there very late as was the case historically.

Chimarrão/Mate

• Already mentioned by other users is the use of chimarrão/mate, a form of tea by the Guarani people. Either Medicament or Tea works. During the Spanish colonial presence, it was cultivated as far north as Paraná. I would suggest having its presence spread out in southern Brazil and the Guarani areas.
• According to the site http://www.portalkaingang.org/index_cultura_5_2.htm, the Kaingang people also made use of the mate herb.

Beeswax:

• If bee products are being added as a resource as suggested in other TTs, then they should feature in South America. The extraction of honey and beeswax was widespread among indigenous peoples of Brazil and beeswax was used for indigenous crafts. This honey and wax was extracted from stingless bees, such as the jataí, that produce decent quantities of honey and wax, though not on the scale of the European bee. We have records of indigenous people trading wax to European sailors in return for other European goods. During the colonial period, honey came primarily from the local stingless bees- the first European bees would be introduced only in the 19th century.

Brazilwood

• Pau-brasil/brazilwood is a type of wood that can provide a form of dye. It was one of the most important products in early colonial Brazil. Indigenous people voluntarily extracted it, taking it to the feitorias - entrepôts.
• A location in Brazil already has a Dye resource, likely representing Porto Seguro, one of the main feitorias in this period. This treatment could be extended to other feitorias. However, the feitorias were only where the wood was taken to in order to be sold - not where it was actually harvested from. Dye should ideally be more prevalent in Brazil, along the forested region from where the wood was extracted from:

Also please increase the food output of Legumes if you’re going to use it to represent such a variety of staple crops like manioc.

Sources:

https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-15072005-150814/publico/ArnaldoRodrigues.pdf

https://www.brasilianaiconografica.art.br/artigos/24189/as-drogas-do-sertao-tipo-exportacao

http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfinder/arquivos/Mapa_Nimuendaju_2017.pdf

https://journals.openedition.org/confins/42944?lang=fr

https://lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/129346/000378657.pdf?sequence=1

https://agendapos.fclar.unesp.br/agenda-pos/ciencias_sociais/4205.pdf

EXPANSÃO DOS TUPI-GUARANI PELO TERRITÓRIO BRASILEIRO: CORRELAÇÃO ENTRE A FAMÍLIA LINGUÍSTICA E A TRADIÇÃO CERÂMICA by David Lugli Turtera Pereira

https://leaarqueologia.wordpress.co...-brasil-antes-dos-brasileiros-andre-prous.pdf

https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/162/16200201.pdf

https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/71/71131/tde-30042009-135816/publico/08_CAPITULO_VI.pdf

https://www4.fag.edu.br/editora-fasul/e-books/livro41.pdf - only relevant to the 19th century

https://revista.sabnet.org/ojs/index.php/sab/article/view/1050/874

 

[Braziler]

found this map of the ethno linguistic distribution of south American natives from 1967

Spoiler: map

View attachment 1255805

This is a good, but not perfect map. I am compiling it with other maps and written sources to produce as accurate as possible map of Brasil.

 

[pepsibassman]

Great comment!
I agree with pretty much everything you said, but I would just ike to add to this part:

• There should be a majority of Tupinambá people around Rio de Janeiro. The Guanabara Bay was very densely inhabited by the Tupinambá. In the colonial period, some of these people organised either against or in favour of the Portuguese in confederations.
  • With the arrival of the Europeans and their involvement in the politics of the local clans, the Tupinambá came to divide themselves politically between the Tamoios and the Temiminós people but prior to that, it is inaccurate to categorise distinct Tamoios and Temiminós groups.

While I agree with the fact that the Tamoios and Tupinambás were, at this point, pretty much the same people, I would argue that, for gameplay sake, it would be better to divide them into two diferent tags.
While it would take more than 150 years to diverge historicaly, making them separated from the getgo would make the region a little bit more varied and interesting to play on.

 

[Sapa Inca]

Tupi language family needs to be broke in at least 3 languages: Tupi, Guarani and Tupian (representing all languages from the primary family that are not tupi neither guarani).

 

[nyetflix2]

Tupi language family needs to be broke in at least 3 languages: Tupi, Guarani and Tupian (representing all languages from the primary family that are not tupi neither guarani).

You don't think Tupi and Guarani were mutually intelligible?

 

[POD012]

Just a small note, from what I understand Tupi and Guarani themselves are actually fairly closely related and partially mutually intelligible even today. As you said yourself, the Guarani are recent arrivals to their homeland, so perhaps their language had only recently begun to diverge from Tupi.

It's the wider Tupian family that is very broad and whose members are distantly related to one another, and the cultures on the map that are Tupian but don't belong to the Tupi-Guarani branch are relatively small and few. I am admittedly not an expert though.

I do think I was hasty with my judgement there. Looking into stuff further for my map proposal in particular really made it clear how close Tupi and Guarani are, so I do think I'll retract that point.

 

[K_lenz]

Anyway, here are my recommendations for some of the Tupi cultures.

• Should the Tupi and Guarani be an SOP? They did not practice permanent agriculture for the most part, their villages were their basic political unit under overarching confederations and familial ties were the main expression of economic and political relations. This disqualifies them from some guidelines for the SOPs. However, they formed larger confederations for the purpose of ritualistic warfare, under the leadership of powerful war leaders, and had strong delineation of territories through these confederations. The widespread use of palisades among villages suggests that they lived in an environment prone to such organised but ritualistic war.
  • Aside from the Tupian peoples along the Amazon, who may have pursued different modes of existence, the littoral Tupi had a consistency in their societal, economic and political organization along the shape of what I described above. As such, if Tinto believes that the above constitutes an SOP, all Tupi should be SOPs. If they believe that doesn’t constitute, then they shouldn’t be SOPs.
  • I believe making the Tupi into SOPs is interesting as the Tupi certainly at least demonstrated the ability of organising themselves in large confederations to fight against Europeans.

About whether Tupi and Guarani should be SOP, I would like re-make the comparison to the North American east coast. I'm completely unfamiliar to that region, but by common sense I find hard to believe that those natives were notably more developed than the Tupis and Guaranis.

Another point that I haven't noted in my main review is that in Today Uruguay, Tinto considered the Charruas as a SoP but not other tribes, which seems absurd. The charruas were, at this period, a tribe of Pampeanos. Firstly, there were many other tribes of Pampeanos and there is no reason to only portrait the Charruas. They were clearly also not trying to portrait all of the Pampeanos in this Charrua SoP because it does not include all the terrirory of the Pampeanos. Secondly, in an European-minded scale of development the Pampeanos were one of the least develop culture in South America. They had no agriculture and very little social organization. They should be maybe the last culture to be considered as a SoP.

So, if they were to consider the Charruas as SoP, I belive all Tupi and Guarani and many other cultures should also be SoP.

I believe that this Charrua SoP is represented because of their historical relation to Uruguay. Sometime around the 17th or 18th century, due to the colonization pressures, many tribes basically merged into what is called the "Charrua Nation". Before this, however, the Charrua name refers to only one of the tribes.
Funny enough, even though I believe the Charruas were much less of a SoP than other cultures, they (as well as other pampeanos tribes) were very important to the cultural definition of the hole Pampa region and it's identity. Literally the notion of Gaúcho, core of the "cultural heritage" in south of Brasil, Uruguay, Paraguay and north of Argentina, is related to Pampeanos.

In conclusion: I think that there are many loose points in what is a SoP and what isn't, so I would vote for many Tupi and Guarani SoP so that gameplay in this region is interesting.

 

[Braziler]

I noticed that the map updates are very advanced, so they will soon (or already) be implemented in South America, so, even though it is incomplete, I decided to post the current state of my feedback, as I improve it I will update this post instead of making a new one, so as not to make life difficult for @Aldaron.

View attachment LocationsPC.png

And the same map without names:

View attachment CleanPC.png

Overall, I removed some of the anachronistic locations and redesigned the impassable terrain.

As before, the source for the edges is the evolution of the Brazilian municipal network, according to the IBGE, perhaps there are even shapefiles. The names of the municipalities, as the IBGE does not present, were found on the TSE website by simply searching for the name of the state with the year of a census (1872, 1900, 1911, 1933 or 1950). The names of the localities are those of the oldest locality to be founded or emancipated, according to the availability of historical data. History, dates and names for the localities can be found on the IBGE Cidades. Although I am making a list, just search for any Brazilian city, on my map or not, by its current name to find the data in "history and photos". Note that Rondônia and the north of Mato Grosso are not included, this is because I am researching native peoples and I want to do something within the territorial configuration pertinent to them, since Brazilian colonization is, in general, very recent in this area. I also used the TRI map from @Sulphurologist, and the vegetation map of Brazil (more specifically in this download) before colonization. In these two links you can access PDF and shapefiles. Some borders, however, follow geographic landmarks, whose source is HydroSheds . The shapes of the provinces and areas are the result of groupings based on the history and geography of the regions, such as the factual divisions of the hereditary captaincies of the 1500s (straight lines were in practice ignored and the official boundaries of what they became (the current states) were only defined later), the first counties and the sections separated by powerful rivers and hydrographic basins. The Amazon (this is an area with dense and impassable forest) had provinces shaped up to the last point of navigable rivers, generally the ascent is impeded by waterfalls or rapids as in the Tapajós, Madeira or Xingú, or the last point where there was a colonial settlement, in the Juruá and Negro. The stars indicate the capitals, but I did not do a study.

View attachment NativosPC.png

Here is the incomplete result of the distribution map of native peoples. I used as sources the Nimuendaju map, the work of Loukotka map, a map of a study published in the journal Confins and the maps available on the internet from The native languages of South America. In addition, written sources from IBGE Cidades, Wikipedia and ISA that is a indigenous NGO. Some other studies that map indigenous archaeological sites were also taken into account.

View attachment VegetaçãoPC.png

Suggestion for vegetation, where dark green indicates jungle, medium green forest, light green wood, orange grassland (actually I would say something between this and wood) and beige grassland as well (or something between this and sparce).

View attachment VegetationPC.png

I know it's not necessary, but I did it to analyze the representation of the terrain on my map.

View attachment RelevoPC.png

View attachment ClimatePC.png

At many points this becomes a design decision, so these settings are not imperative when transitioning between locations.

1- PARAÍBA (= BAD RIVER)

Map name	Portuguese name	Tupi name	Other name	Note
Natal	Natal	Potĩ'îy	Nieuw Amsterdam (dut)	From the name of the river that runs through the city and gives its name to the current state of which it is the capital, that is, the Potengi River.
São José de Mipibu	São José de Mipibu	-	-	Mipibu is reported to have originated from Mopebu, which was the name of a native village.
Vila Flor	Vila Flor	Kangûeretama (Kangûer-etama = land of skeletons bones)	-	Name of the second oldest city in the location, Canguaretama.
Nova Cruz	Santa Cruz	-	-
Touros	Touros	-	-
Angicos	Angicos	-	-
Mossoró	Mossoró	Mosorok ( Mo-sorok = which makes tear)	-	Mossoró is certainly a Tupi word, by which they called a Cariri tribe. The etymology is uncertain.
Assú	Assú	Tabûasu (Taba-ûasu = big village)	-
Apodi	Apodi	Potĩ'y	-	Although a valid etymology cannot be found, the sequence Poty, Pody and Apodi in the municipality's coat of arms leads me to this conclusion.
Pau dos Ferros	Pau dos Ferros	Kamará (= plant species)	-	From the name of the second oldest city in the location, São Migueld o Camará, which in turn takes its name from the mountain range that separates the Rio Grande from Ceará.
Caicó	Vila Nova do Príncipe	Kaîkó (Kaîa-kó = wildfire)	-
Acari	Acari	Gûakary (= fish species)
Santana do Matos	Santana do Matos	-	-
Piancó	Santo Antônio do Piancó	-	-
Sousa	Sousa	-	-
Pombal	Pombal	-	-
Patos	Patos	-	-
São João do Cariri	São João do Cariri	-	-
Monteiro	Alagoa do Monteiro	Piripiri (= plant species)	-	Name given to the lagoon that gave rise to the city.
Cuité	Cuité	Kuîeté (Kuîa-eté = legitimate gourd)	-
Areia	Brejo d'Areia	-	-
Campina Grande	-	-	-
Ingá	Vila do Imperador	Ingá (= legume species)
Pilar	Pilar	-	-
Mamanguape	Mamanguape	Mamangákûape (Mamangá-kûa-pe = in the mamangás (species of shrub) cove)		In word construction, you can omit the "a" at the end of the stem, in this case it would generate "gk", I don't know if it is right or if I should also omit the "g" or "k". or if it was part of the portugueseization
João Pessoa	Paraíba	Paraíba (Pará-aíba = bad river)	Frederikstad (dut)
Fernando de Noronha	São João	-	-

2 - PERNAMBUCO (PARANÃPUKA = SEA CRACK)

Map name	Portuguese name	Tupi name	Other name	Note
Recife	Recife	-	Maritzstad (dut)
Olinda	Olinda	-	-
Igarassu	Igarassú	Ygarusu (Ygara-usu = large canoe, that is, boat.)	-	It could be called Itamaracá (Itamaraká (Itá-maraká = stone rattle) as well.
Ipojuca	Nossa Senhora do Ó de Ipojuca	'Yapoîuka ('Y-apó-îuka = river of rotten roots)	-
Bom Jardim	Bom Jardim	-	-
Vitória de Santo Antão	Vitória de Santo Antão	-	-
Água Preta	Água Preta	-	-
Caruaru	Caruaru	Karûara'y (= river of wizards)	-
Brejo da Madre de Deus	Brejo da Madre de Deus	-
Porto Calvo	Bom Sucesso	-	-
Atalaia	Atalaia	-	-
Maceió	Maceió	-	-	Apointed to come from Masaió.
Marechal Deodoro	Madalena	-	-
Palmeira dos Índios	Palmeira dos Índios	-	-
Penedo	Penedo	-	Maritzstad (dut)	The same Dutch name as Recife, could be Boulder Maritzstad to distinguish them, literally Maritzstad from the rock.
Traipú	Porto da Folha	Tare'ipu (Tare'ira-pu = sound of traira (fish species))	-
Mata Grande	Mata Grande	-	-
Cimbres	Cimbres	-	-
São Bento do Una	São Bento	Y'una (= black river)	-
Buique	Vila Nova do Buíque
Garanhuns	Garanhuns	Aguaránhũ (Aguará-nhũ = field of maned wolf)	-
Tacaratu	Tacaratu	-	-
Floresta	Floresta	-	-
Flores	Flores de Ribeira de Pajeú	Paîé'y (= river of shamans)	-
Afogados da Ingazeira	Ingazeira	-	-	Ingazeira comes from Ingá, which gives its name to another location in Paraíba.
Serra Talhada	Vila Bela	-	-
Salgueiro	Salgueiro	-	-
Cabrobó	Cabrobó	-	-	Certainly a native name, about which sources differ.
Exu	Exu	Eîxu (= species of wasp)	-
Santa Maria da Boa Vista	Boa Vista	-	-

3 - CEARÁ
(Originally, SIARÁ, obscure etymology.)

Map name	Portuguese name	Tupi name	Other name	Note
Fortaleza	Fortaleza	Mukur'ype (Mukury'y-pe = in the mucuri (species of plant) river)	-	The Mucuripe point corresponds to the fortified area that gave the city its name.
Canindé	São Francisco das Chagas do Canindé	Kanindé (= bird species)	-
Baturité	Vila Real Monte-Mor	Ybytyreté (Ybytyra-eté = real mountain)	-
Caucaia	Vila Nova de Soure	Ka'akaîa (Ka'a-kaÎa = burned forest)	-
Itapipoca	Vila Imperatriz	Itapirpoka (Itá-pira-poka = burst skin stone)	-
Cascavel	Cascavel	-	-
Aracati	Santa Cruz de Aracati	'Arakatu ('Ara-katu = good wind)	-
Russas	São Bernardo de Russas	-	-
Limoeiro do Norte	Limoeiro	-	-
Jagauribe	Jaguaribe	Îagûar'ype (Îagûara-'y-pe = in the river of jaguar)	-
Mombaça	Nossa Senhora da Glória de Mombaça	-	-	Although some point out that it comes from Mombasa (a type of plant), it is more likely that it comes from the African city of the same name that was part of Portugal.
Quixeramobim	Quixeramobim	-	-	Probably Kiriri name.
Quixadá	Quixadá	-	-	Probably Kiriri name.
Acaraú	Acaracu	Akará'y (= in the river of carás (root species))	-
Sobral	Sobral	-	-
Viçosa do Ceará	Viçosa Real da América	-	-
Guaraciaba do Norte	Vila Nova Del Rei	Kûarasyaba (Kûarasy-taba = sun feathers)	-
Tamboril	Tamboril	-	-
Tauá	São João do Príncipe de Inhumuns	Tagûá (= Soil variety)	-
Jucás	São Mateus	Aîuraká (= plant species)		Jucás refers to the name given to the tribe in the region, which in turn comes from a species of tree with the same name in colonial Tupi, corrupted from the original word in ancient Tupi.
Icó	-	-	-	Etymology uncertain, if from Tupi should to be = 'Ykó which means riverside farm.
Assaré	-	-	-
Lavras da Mangabeira	São Vicente Ferrer de Lavras de Mangabeira	-	-
Crato	Crato	-	-

4 - TOCANTINS (TUKÂNTĨ = TOUCAN BEAK)

Map name	Portuguese name	Tupi name	Other name	Note
Tocantinópolis	Boa Vista do Tocantins	Tukântĩ (Tukâna-tĩ =toucan beak)	-	It is the name of the river, which was given in reference to its shape at the mouth, which this location has.
Araguacema	Santa Maria do Araguaia	-	-	Araguaia is a Tupi name, which has more than one place, when I have listed them all, I will see which one is better positioned.
Pedro Afonso	São João	-	-
Porto Nacional	Porto Imperial	-	-
Natividade	Natividade	-	-
Paranã	Paranã	Paranã (Pará-nã = looks like sea, big river)	-
Arraias	Nossa Senhora dos Remédios de Arraias	-	-
Posse	Nossa Senhora Santana da Posse	-	-
Niquelândia	São José do Tocantiins	Y'akuba (= hot river)	-
Formosa	Arraial de Couros	-	-
Uruaçu	Santana	Urûasu (Uru-ûasu = big urus (bird species))	-
Santa Rita de Cássia	Santa Rita do Rio Preto	-	-
Cotegipe	Campo Largo	Akuti'ype (Akuti-y-pe = in the river of agoutis)	-
Barra	Barra do Rio Grande	-	-
Pilão Arcado	Pilão Arcado	-	-
Remanso	Remanso	-	-
Barreiras	Barreiras	-	-
Correntina	Rio das Éguas	-	-
Carinhanha	Carinhanha	Ûakaryaîa (Ûakary-aîa = Acari (fish species) jagged)	-
Santa Maria da Vitória	Santa Maria da Vitória	-	-

Never finished, but always more complete and correct.

The main source is the "Dicionário de Tupi Antigo" which can be accessed here. Most Brazilian historians readily point out the meaning of a Tupi word, but never explain where they got the information from and any attempt to reconstruct the word from the meaning presented is futile, since the meaning is almost always invented, so it is better to trust the etymology of Navarro, who at least knows Tupi.

 

[Ulfreig]

I noticed that the map updates are very advanced, so they will soon (or already) be implemented in South America, so, even though it is incomplete, I decided to post the current state of my feedback, as I improve it I will update this post instead of making a new one.View attachment 1259165
As before, the source for the edges is the evolution of the Brazilian municipal network, according to IBGE, maybe there are even shapefiles. The names of the municipalities, as IBGE does not present them, were found on the TSE website just search the state name with the year of a census (1872, 1900, 1911, 1933 or 1950). The names of the locations are those of the oldest location to be founded or emancipated, according to data availability. History, dates and names can be found at IBGE Cidades. Although I'm making a list, just search for any Brazilian city, on my map or not, by current name to find the data in "history and photos". Note that Rondonia and the north of Mato Grosso are not ugly, this is because I am researching native peoples and I want to do something within the territorial configuration relevant to them, since Brazilian colonization is, in general, very recent in this area. I also used the TRI map by Sulphurologist, the vegetation map of Brazil, before colonization, the biome map of Brazil. In these two links you can access PDF in shapefiles. Some borders, however, follow geographical landmarks, the source of which is HydroSheds. The shapes of the provinces and areas are the result of groupings based on the history and geography of the regions, such as the factual divisions of the hereditary captaincies of the 1500s (straight lines were in practice ignored and the official limits of what they became (the current states) were only defined later), the first counties and the sections separated by mighty rivers and watersheds...

A very nice compilation, allow me to give further feedback about my state (Ceará): You may add some impassable terrain around southern and western borders of Ceará state, there are two big elevations there: To the West is the Ibiapaba mountain range, with only a few passages between Ceará municipalities and Piauí's

To the South there is the Araripe Plateau, to this day it is still a dense forest, mixing moist broadleaf forests and seasonal broad leaf vegetation. Both are Atlantic Rainforest enclaves surrounded by the dry Caatinga Biome.

Those two formations shape the limits between Ceará and it's neighbours in the West and South, there should be some impassable terrains and some passages between the provinces around those two mountain ranges.

 

[Braziler]

A very nice compilation, allow me to give further feedback about my state (Ceará): You may add some impassable terrain around southern and western borders of Ceará state, there are two big elevations there: To the West is the Ibiapaba mountain range, with only a few passages between Ceará municipalities and Piauí's

To the South there is the Araripe Plateau, to this day it is still a dense forest, mixing moist broadleaf forests and seasonal broad leaf vegetation. Both are Atlantic Rainforest enclaves surrounded by the dry Caatinga Biome.

Those two formations shape the limits between Ceará and it's neighbours in the West and South, there should be some impassable terrains and some passages between the provinces around those two mountain ranges.

Following the TRI, they are not insurmountable, especially Araripe's. The one in Ibiapaba could be, but it is entirely within Ceará, if I draw it we would have a very thin location between Ceará and Piauí, if I moved the border from Piauí to the mountains I would be canceled for poking at the modern territorial dispute. Fire of border. A mountain location would work (I don't draw useless wastleland). As well, thank you.

 

[iricci99]

Hello, first I want to thank you for the work you guys are doing! Second I just wanted to give my opinion on the mapuche people of southern Chile. Despite popular opinion, the mapuche settlements were not an organized state, the mapuches of this time period live in unorganized villages scattered all the way from central chile to modern day Puerto Montt (also covering part of modern day argentina). I understand they are given a tag in project caesar to simulate the clash with the incas and the spanish but historicaly it falls more on the side on high ferocity of natives to colonial settling of the incas and the spanish, other than a state entity. Multiple chilean scholars note that the mapuche were not an organized state, an had no unity nor head of government:

Dillehay, T.; Gordon, A. (1988). "La actividad prehispánica y su influencia en la Araucanía". In Dillehay, Tom; Netherly, Patricia (eds.). La frontera del estado Inca (in Spanish). pp. 183–196

Another thing that I would note is that I do not see copper production in Chile either, there was also a lot of silver production as well during colonial times, I will hopefuly make a suggestion map of Chilean raw material production and attach it soon so you can see. Overall id say it looks great though, and I liked how you guys included that one salpeter province in northern Chile, quite historicaly accurate. I would just replace more of the salt production with minerals, almost all of Chile is rich in minerals. Ofc the centre has agrarian goods.

Historicaly, the general captaincy of Chile was crucial for the crown colony of Peru for the supply of cattle and wheat. Peru was extremely poor in these goods, geographicaly Peru is not able to supply itself with these goods so there was a dependency from what we now call the central region of Chile. The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume 1: Colonial Latin America, 1492–1800.

The North of Chile was mostly notable for exploitation of salpeter, copper, silver, gold and iron (also in center, good that you include a tin producing province). And of course salt too.
I think the combination of resources as of right now is great, its just I would add a bit more diversity in terms of minerals, not necessarily replace, I would even go to the extent of adding more provinces in Chile. Chile is rich in pretty much every mineral out there, its just ofc during historical colonial times these were of no use to the spanish so were never sought for to exploit.

I also have one question, will we see the introduction of grapes from europeams into Central Chile and will we be able to change certain provinces' goods to wine?

Here you have an image issued by the archive of the Chilean army respecting colonial times resource explotation in america:

 

[Ugandanboi]

Hello, first I want to thank you for the work you guys are doing! Second I just wanted to give my opinion on the mapuche people of southern Chile. Despite popular opinion, the mapuche settlements were not an organized state, the mapuches of this time period live in unorganized villages scattered all the way from central chile to modern day Puerto Montt (also covering part of modern day argentina). I understand they are given a tag in project caesar to simulate the clash with the incas and the spanish but historicaly it falls more on the side on high ferocity of natives to colonial settling of the incas and the spanish, other than a state entity. Multiple chilean scholars note that the mapuche were not an organized state, an had no unity nor head of government:

They aren't a state. The Mapuche are currently a SOP (society of pops), and are basically the perfect example of what a SOP should be.

 

[Tahami Tsunami]

I took a little time to take a closer look at the Moxos people and sites. From what I gathered, most articles like this one from Nature and this one from Al Dia mention that the 2 largest settlements of the Moxos / Casarabe culture that we've so far discovered are the Cotoca and Landívar sites. Some Soar maps show the Cotoca site as being east of Perotó (southeast of Trinidad) and west of Laguna San Jose while the Landívar site is located further south between the Rio Mocovi and Rio Ibare. Since these and the numerous smaller sites are described as being in a hierarchical system with "a highly complex "state" level of organization with a socially stratified class system", perhaps they could be represented as 2 one-location settled countries with one location being named Cotoca for the Cotoca site and the other location named Mocovi for the Landívar site.